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HAN 202 > Chapter 20: The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 20: The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

A hematopoietic stem cell will give rise to

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
-all three types of formed elements found in the blood

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2
Q

Predict the outcome of an overdose of the hormone erythropoietin

A

The blood viscosity increases to levels that may induce heart attacks or strokes. making too many red blood cells

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3
Q

if a patient has pernicious anemia, the inability of the body to absorb vitamin B12, the patient

A

would have a decreased number of red blood cells

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4
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • > A network of vessels that absorbs fluid that leaks from the blood into surrounding tissues
  • > about 3 liters of fluid leak out each day
  • > if leakage continued unchecked the body would swell with fluid
  • > one-way system: starts at the capillaries and dumps it back into the circulatory system via the subclavian
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5
Q

Lymphatic system: consists of 3 parts

A
  1. A network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
  2. Lymph-fluid
  3. Lymph nodes, tissues and organs
    - > a functional system.
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6
Q

Lymphatic system functions

A
  • > returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back into the blood
  • once interstitial fluid enters lymphatics, it is called lymph (clear water)

->together with lymphoid organs and tissues, provide the structural basis of the immune system

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7
Q

area drained by right lymphatic duct

A

only does right side of the face and the right arm

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8
Q

area drained by thoracic duct

A

drains the left side of the face, left arm, the abdomen, both legs

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9
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

-> one-way system, lymph flows toward the heart

  • > lymph vessels (lymphatics) include:
  • lymphatic capillaries
  • lymphatic collecting vessels
  • lymphatic trunks and ducts
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10
Q

*lymphatic capillaries

A

Similar to blood capillaries, except:

  • > very permeable (take up cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells)
  • > endothelial cells overlap to form one-way minivalves

Lacteals: specialized lymph capillaries present in small intestines.
*absorb digested fat and deliver fatty lymph (chyle) to the blood

Lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended tubes in which
adjacent endothelial cells overlap each other, forming flaplike minivalves.

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11
Q

*lymphatic collecting vessels

A

Similar to veins, except:

  • > have thinner walls, with more internal valves
  • > anastomose (multiple pathways to get from one point to another) more frequently

Collecting vessels in the skin travel with superficial veins

-Deep collecting vessels travel with arteries

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12
Q

Regional lymph nodes

A
  • cervical nodes
  • axillary nodes
  • inguinal nodes
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13
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

Formed by the union of the largest collecting ducts

  • > Paired lumbar
  • > Paired bronchomediastinal
  • > Paired subclavian
  • > Paired jugular trunks
  • > A single intestinal trunk
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14
Q

Lymphatic capillaries -> collecting vessels -> trunks

-> ducts

A

true

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15
Q

Lymphatic ducts

A

Lymph is delivered into one of two large ducts
* right lymphatic duct drains the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax

  • Thoracic duct arises from the cisterna chyli(large sac) and drains the rest of the body
  • > each empties lymph into venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins on its own side of the body
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16
Q

Lymph transport

A

Lymph is propelled by:

  • pulsations of nearby arteries
  • contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics
  • milking action of active skeletal MM
  • pressure changes in the thorax during breathing

Lacks an organ to act as pump, low pressure vessels

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17
Q

Lymphoid cells

A

Lymphocytes the main warriors of the immune system

->2 main varieties:
T cells (T lymphocytes): mature in thymus

B cells (B lymphocytes): mature in bone marrow

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18
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells protect against antigens.
*Anything the body perceives as foreign-> bacteria and their toxins; viruses; mismatched RBCs or cancer cells

T cells:
*attack and destroy foreign cells

B cells:
*produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies.

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19
Q

Other lymphoid cells

A

Macrophages:
*phagocytize/eat foreign substances and help activate T cells

Dendritic cells:
*capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes

Reticular cells:
*produce lymphoid tissue stroma (mattress) that supports other cells in lymphoid organs

20
Q

… can enter lymphatic capillaries

A

bacteria, large proteins, interstitial fluid

21
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A
  • > houses and provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes
  • > furnishes a surveillance vantage point
  • > 2 main types:
    a) diffuse lymphatic tissue
    b) lymphatic follicles
22
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

A
  • found in every organ in the body
  • made of loose reticular CT
  • larger collections appear in mucous membranes (i.e digestive tract) and lymphoid organs
23
Q

Lymphatic follicles (nodules)

A

solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed reticular elements and cells

  • Germinal center: composed of dendritic and B cells (enlarge when B cells are dividing and producing plasma cells)
  • may form part of larger lymphoid organs (lymph nodes)
  • NO T CELLS in the nodules
24
Q

Primary lymph organs

A
  • where B and T cells mature
  • B cells mature in red bone marrow (where they originate, they don’t have to go anywhere to mature)
  • T cells mature in thymus
25
Q

Secondary lymph organs

A

Where lymphocytes encounter their antigens and are activated:
*lymph nodes

*spleen

  • MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
  • > tonsils
  • > appendix
  • > peyer’s patch (small intestine)
26
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Principal lymphoid organs of the body

  • embedded in connective tissue, in clusters along lymphatic vessels
  • near the body surface in inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions of the body
27
Q

Lymph nodes functions

A
  1. filter lymph: macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris
  2. Immune system: lymphocytes are activated and mount an attack against antigens
28
Q

structure of lymph node

A
  • bean shaped
  • external fibrous capsule
  • nodes are divided into compartments
  • 2 histologically distinct regions:
  • > cortex– germinal centers
  • > Medulla–macrophages
29
Q

structure of lymph node

A
  • cortex contains follicles with germinal centers, (heavy with dividing B cells)
  • T cells circulate continuously among the blood, lymph nodes, and lymphatic stream
  • medullary sinuses contain macrophages
30
Q

circulation in the lymph nodes

A

Lymph:
*enters via afferent lymphatic vessels

  • travels through large subcapsular sinus and smaller sinuses
  • exits the node at the hilum via efferent vessels
  • fewer efferent vessels, causing flow of lymph to stagnate, allowing lymphocytes and macrophages time to carry out functions
31
Q

lymph nodes and cancer

A
  • > Primary site (cancer started in the lymph node):
  • Hodgkin’s lymphoma or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma – swollen lymph nodes (not painful), fatigue and fever
  • > Secondary Site:
  • cancer spreads via lymph to lymph nodes

*sentinel node: first node from cancer site, tested for metastatic disease

32
Q

breast cancer and lymphedema

A

-one of the most common causes of lymphedema is removal of the breast (mastectomy) and underarm lymph tissue

33
Q

Lymph tends to stall inside lymph nodes. This is due to _______.

A

fewer efferent lymphatic vessels than afferent lymphatic vessels. less exiting pathways

34
Q

What cells populate the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles?

A

B lymphocytes

35
Q

Spleen

A
  • Largest lymphoid organ
  • served by splenic artery and vein, which enter and exit at the hilus
  • contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and huge numbers of erythrocytes
  • graveyard for red blood cells
36
Q

Spleen functions

A
  • Stores breakdown products of RBCs (iron) for later reuse
  • stores blood platelets
  • site of fetal erythrocyte production (normally ceases after birth)
  • cleanses the blood of aged cells and debris
  • site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
37
Q

structure of the spleen

A
  • White pulp: near central arteries- lymphocytes

- red pulp in sinuses which houses macrophages

38
Q

splenomegaly

A

enlargement of spleen due to accumulation of infectious microorganisms

*typically from mono, malaria, and leukemia

39
Q

thymus

A
  • Changes size with age
  • increases in size and is most active during childhood
  • stops growing during adolescence and then gradually atrophies
40
Q

Thymus

A
  • Differs from other lymphoid organs in important ways:
  • it functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation (NO B cells)
  • it does not directly fight antigens

-These thymocytes provide the environment in which T lymphocytes become immunocompetent (ability to start immune response)

41
Q

An advantage to having reticular connective tissue present in lymph nodes is that ________.

A
  • the loose organization of reticular connective tissue provides niches for macrophages and lymphocytes
  • lymph filters through the nodes and is exposed to lymphocytes and macrophages
  • lymphocytes cycle to various areas of the body and back to lymph nodes
42
Q

Red pulp of the spleen is most concerned with __________, while white pulp is most concerned with __________.

A

blood filtering; immunity

43
Q

MALT

A
  • Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, including (lymphoid tissue located in mucous membranes)
  • Peyer’s patches (small intestine), tonsils, and the appendix (offshoot of large intestine)
  • Lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi (respiratory tract)
  • > protects the digestive and respiratory systems from foreign matter
44
Q

aggregates of lymphoid follicles

A
  • Peyer’s Patches:
  • clusters of lymphoid follicles
  • in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine
  • Appendix:
  • tubular offshoot of large intestine
  • high concentration of lymphoid follicles
  • > both destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall
  • generate “memory” lymphocytes
45
Q

appendix

A
  • vermiform appendix= worm-shaped
  • houses helpful bacteria for intestine
  • lymph tissue accumulates after birth until 2nd/3rd decade
46
Q

Tonsils

A
  • > simplest lymphoid organs
  • > form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx
  • Palatine tonsils: at posterior end of the oral cavity
  • Lingual tonsils- grouped at the base of the tongue
  • Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)-in posterior wall of the nasopharynx
  • tubal tonsils: surrounding the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx
47
Q

Tonsils

A
  • contain follicles with germinal centers
  • are not fully encapsulated
  • epithelial tissue overlying tonsil masses invaginates, forming tonsillar crypts
  • crypts trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter that enter the pharynx in food and inhaled air

HAN 202 (13 decks)

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