Chapter 21 Flashcards
1
Q
define the immune system
A
not an organ system, but a cell population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease
2
Q
what is the true organ system
A
lymphatic system
3
Q
what organs consist of the lymphatic system
A
thymus, red bone barrow, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
4
Q
what are the three main functions of the lymphatic system
A
fluid recovery, immunity, lipid absorption
5
Q
in fluid recovery fluid continually filters from __ into the __
A
blood capillaries, tissue spaces
6
Q
during fluid recovery blood capillaries reabsorb __%
A
85
7
Q
during the function of immunity in the lymphatic system, excess filtered fluid pills up foreign cells and chemicals from the tissues which passes through the
A
lymph nodes
8
Q
in lipid absorption, __ in the small intestine absorb dietary lipids
A
lacteals
9
Q
what are the components of the lymphatic system
A
lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic organs
10
Q
what is lymph
A
the recovered fluid
11
Q
what is the role of lymphatic vessels
A
transport the lymph
12
Q
lymphatic tissues are composed of
A
lymphocytes and macrophages
13
Q
where are defense cells especially concentrated
A
in the lymphatic organs
14
Q
lymphatic organs are separated from surrounding organs by
A
connective tissue capsules
15
Q
lymph is clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma, but much less
A
protein
16
Q
lymph Originates as __ drawn into lymphatic capillaries
A
extracellular fluid
17
Q
lymph has __when draining from small intestines
A
High lipid content
18
Q
lymph has __when leaving lymph nodes
A
Large number of lymphocytes
19
Q
__ merge to form larger lymphatic vessels
A
Lymphatic capillaries
20
Q
lymphatic vessels are absent from
A
cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow
21
Q
Capillary wall is __ cells
A
endothelial
22
Q
lymphatic vessel cells are tethered to surrounding tissue by
A
protein filaments
23
Q
Endothelium creates valve-like flaps that open when interstitial fluid pressure is __, and close when it is__
A
high, low
24
Q
what are the three layers of larger lymphatic vessels
A
tunica interna. tunica media, tunica externa
25
what Is the tunica intern composed of
endothelium and valves
26
what is the tunica media composed of
elastic fibers and Smoot muscle
27
what is the tunica external consist of
a thin outer layer
28
what iOS the flow of lymphatic vessels
lymphatic capillaries, collecting vessels, six lymphatic trunks, two collecting ducts
29
what do the six lymphatic trunk do
drain the major portions of the body
30
what are the six lymphatic trunks
Jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intercostal, intestinal (unpaired), and lumbar trunks
31
what are the two collecting ducts
the rich lymphatic and thoracic duct
32
what is the role of the right lymphatic duct
receives lymph from right arm, right side of head and thorax; empties into right subclavian vein
33
what is the role of the thoracic duct
receives lymph from below diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck, and thorax; empties into left subclavian vein
34
which duct Isi larger and longer
thoracic duct
35
where does the thoracic duct begin
as a prominent sac in the abdomen called the cisterns chyli
36
how is the flow of lymph moved along
by rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels
37
the stretching vessels stimulates
contraction
38
the flow of lymphatic vessels is aided by
the skeletal muscle pump
39
__ significantly increases lymphatic return
exercise
40
Rapidly flowing blood in __, draws lymph into it
subclavian veins
41
what are the six lymphatic cells
Natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells
42
what do Natural killer cells do
destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or that have turned cancerous
43
what does the T in T lymphocytes stand for
Thymus-dependent
44
where do T lymphocytes mature
in the thymus
45
what is special about B lymphocytes
they are Antigen-presenting cells
46
what does APC stand for
antigen-presenting cells
47
what happens when B lymphocytes are activated
activated causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies
48
where are B lymphocytes mature
in the bone marrow
49
what type of tissue are macrophages
connective tissue
50
from what do macrophages develop from
monocytes
51
what do macrophages phagocytize
tissue debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria, and other foreign matter
52
what are dendritic cells
Branched, mobile APCs found in epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs
53
what do dendritic cells do
Engulf foreign matter by receptor-mediated endocytosis and Alert immune system to pathogens that have breached the body surface
54
what are reticular cells
Branched stationary APCs that contribute to the framework (stroma) of a lymphatic organ
55
what are lymphatic tissues also known as
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
56
what does MALT stand for
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
57
what are lymphatic nodule
Dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens
58
what is a constant feature of the lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix
lymphatic nodules
59
where are Aggregated lymphoid nodules found
dense clusters in the ileum, the distal portion of the small intestine
60
what are the primary lymphatic organs
the thymus and red bone marrow
61
where are T and B cells able to recognize and respond to antigens
primary lymphatic organs
62
what are the secondary lymphatic organs
Lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
63
___ cells populate the secondary lymphatic organs
immunocompetent
64
red bone marrow is involved in __ and immunity
hemopoiesis
65
the thymus is a member of what systems
endocrine, lymphatic, an dimming systems
66
what are the functions of the thymus
houses developing lymphocytes, secretes hormones regulating their activity, degeneration with age
67
__ divide the thymus into several lobes
trabeculae
68
Epithelial cells seal off cortex from medulla of the thymus forming the
blood–thymus barrier
69
the blood–thymus barrier produces
Produce signaling molecules thymosin, thymopoietin, thymulin, interleukins, and interferon
70
what are the most numerous lymphatic organs
lymph nodes
71
the lymph nodes have what two functions
cleanse the lymph and acts s aside of T and B cell activation
72
the __ are where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells
germinal centers
73
Lymph leaves the node through one to three __ that leave the hilum
efferent lymphatic vessels
74
what are the main lymph nodes locations
cervical, axillary, thoracic, abdominal, intestinal and mesenteric, inguinal, and popliteal
75
what is lymphadentitis
swollen, painful node responding to foreign antigen
76
what is lymphadenopathy
collective term for all lymph node diseases
77
what is metastasis
cancerous cells break free from original tumor, travel to other sites in the body, and establish new tumors
78
Treatment of breast cancer is __, along with removal of nearby axillary nodes
lumpectomy, mastectomy
79
with are tonsils
patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx
80
what are the tonsils function
Guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens
81
what are the three main sets of tonsils
palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal
82
what is the body's largest lymphatic organ
the spleen
83
what two types of tissue does the spleen exhibit
red pulp and white pulp
84
what is red pulp
sinuses filled with erythrocytes
85
what is white pulp
lymphocytes, macrophages (monocytes) surrounding small branches of splenic artery
86
what are the functions of the spleen
1. Healthy red blood cells (RBCs) come and go
2. For old, fragile RBCs, spleen is “erythrocyte graveyard”
3. Blood cell production in fetus (and very anemic adults
4. White pulp monitors blood for foreign antigens and keeps an army of monocytes for release when needed
5. Stabilizes blood volume through plasma transfers to lymphatic system
87
what are pathogens
agents capable of producing disease
88
what are some living pathogens
bacteria and fungi
89
what are some non-living pathogens
viruses, poisons, and allergens
90
what are the three lines of defense that compose the immune system
1. skin and mucous membranes
2. several innate defense mechanisms
3. adaptive immunity
91
what is innate immunity
defenses we are born with; first and second lines
92
is innate immunity local or widespread
local
93
is innate immunity have memory
no
94
what line of defense is adaptive immunity
third
95
what does the adaptive immunity do
Adapts the body to the presence of an environmental pathogen so the body becomes less vulnerable to the illness it might cause.; Defeats a pathogen, and leaves the body with a “memory” of it so it can defeat it faster in the future
96
what are some external barriers of innate immunity
skin, mucous membranes, and subepithelial areolar tissue
97
what is/does the acid mantel do
thin film of lactic and fatty acids from sweat and sebum that inhibits bacterial growth
98
what are the role of peptides and some examples
in the skin that kill microbes: dermicidin, defensins, and cathelicidins.
99
what are some mucous membrane examples
Lysozymes from mucus, tears, saliva kill microbes
100
what does hyaluronic acid do
creates a viscous ground substance that traps microbes
101
what are phagocytes
cells that engulf foreign matter
102
what are some examples of leukocytes
```
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes --> Macrophages
Lymphocytes
```
103
Macrophages and leukocytes have important roles in__ and __ immunity
innate, adaptive
104
neutrophils do what
Wander in connective tissue killing bacteria
105
how can neutrophils kill bacteria
using phagocytosis and digestion, by producing a cloud of bactericidal chemicals
106
where are eosinophils found
especially in mucous membranes
107
what do eosinophils do
1. Guard against parasites, allergens, and other pathogens
2. Kill tapeworms and roundworms by producing superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and toxic proteins
3. Promote action of basophils and mast cells
4. Phagocytize antigen–antibody complexes
5. Limit action of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals
108
what do basophils do
Secrete chemicals that aid mobility and action of other leukocytes
109
what chemicals do basophils release
leukotrienes, histamines nd heparin
110
what do leukotrienes do
activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils
111
what do histamines do
vasodilator, Speeds delivery of leukocytes to the area
112
what does heparin do
inhibits clot formation
113
what else secretes the same substances as basophils
mast cells
114
what are the three basic categories of lymphocytes
T,B, and NK cells
115
Circulating blood contains
__% T cells
__% B cells
__% NK cells
80, 15, 5
116
NK cells are part of __, all others are part of__; helper T cells function in both
innate immunity, adaptive immunity
117
what do monocytes do
emigrate from the blood into connective tissues and transform into macrophages
118
what do wandering macrophages do
actively seek pathogens
119
what do fixed macrophages do
phagocytize only pathogens that come to them
120
where are microglia
in central nervous system
121
where are alveolar macrophages
in the lungs
122
where are hepatic macrophages
in the liver
123
what are antimicrobial proteins
Proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide short-term, Innate Immunity to pathogenic bacteria and viruses
124
what are the two families of antimicrobial proteins
interferons and the complement system
125
Interferons are secreted by __
certain cells infected by viruses
126
what do interferons do
Alert neighboring cells and protect them from becoming infected
127
what is the complement system
A group of 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both innate immunity and adaptive immunity
128
what is the complement system synthesized by
the liver
129
what is the complement system activated by
the presence of a pathogen
130
what do NKC attack and destroy
bacteria, transplanted cells, cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells.
131
what is fever
an abnormal elevation of body temperature
132
what are some synonyms for fever
pyrexia; febrile
133
what causes fever
trauma, infections, drug reactions, brain tumors, and other causes
134
what are some results of fever
1. Promotes interferon activity
2. Elevates metabolic rate and accelerates tissue repair
3. Inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses
135
Fever usually triggered by __ such as Glycolipids on bacterial and viral surfaces
exogenous pyrogens
136
what are some examples of endogenous pyrogens
attacking neutrophils and macrophages
137
what are the stages of fever
onset, stadium, defervescence
138
what is inflammation
local defensive response to tissue injury, including trauma and infection
139
what are the four cardinal signs of inflammation
redness, swelling, heat, and pain
140
what suffix denotes inflammation
-itis
141
what are cytokines
small proteins that regulate inflammation and immunity
142
cytokines are secreted by
leukocytes
143
what alters the physiology of a receiving cell
cytokines
144
what do cytokines include
interferon, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, chemotactic factors, and others
145
what are the major processes of inflammation
1. mobilization of body defenses
2. containment and destruction of pathogens
3. tissue cleanup and repair
146
what is chemotaxis
attraction to chemicals such as bradykinin and leukotrienes that guide leukocytes to the injury site
147
what are the four cardinal signs of inflammation
heat, redness, swelling and pain
148
heat results from
hyperemia
149
rednesses during inflammation is due to
hyperemia and extravasated RBCs in the tissue
150
swelling during inflammation is due to
increased fluid filtration from the capillaries
151
pain during inflammation is due to
from direct injury to the nerves, pressure on the nerves from edema, stimulation of pain receptors by prostaglandins, bacterial toxins, and bradykinin
152
with is the priority of inflammation
to prevent pathogens from spreading throughout body.
153
what does fibrinogen do
filters into tissue fluid clots, Forms a sticky mesh adjacent to injury that walls off microbes
154
what does heparin do
prevents clotting at site of injury
155
what do neutrophils do
quickly respond to and kill bacteria by phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and Secrete cytokines for recruitment of macrophages and additional neutrophils
156
Macrophages and T cells secrete__ to stimulate leukopoiesis thereby raising WBC counts in blood
colony-stimulating factor
157
what is eosinophilia
elevated eosinophil count in allergy or parasitic infection
158
what are monocytes
the primary agents of tissue cleanup and repair
159
how soon do monocytes arrive
8 to 12 hours and become macrophages
160
what do monocytes do
Engulf and destroy bacteria, damaged host cells, and dead and dying neutrophils
161
__ contributes to tissue cleanup
edema
162
what is pus
yellow accumulation of dead neutrophils, bacteria, cellular debris, and tissue fluid
163
platelet derived growth factor is secreted by
blood platelets and endothelial cells in the injured area
164
what does platelet derived growth factor do
Stimulates fibroblasts to multiply, Synthesizes collagen
165
what does hyperemia do
Delivers oxygen, amino acids, and other necessities for protein synthesis
Increased heat increases metabolic rate, speeds mitosis, and tissue repair
166
what are three characteristics that distinguish adaptive from innate immunity
1. systemic effect (throughout the body)
2. specificity (immunity directed against a particular pathogen)
3. memory (when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness)
167
what re the two forms of adaptive immunity
cellular and humoral
