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Anatomy Physiology Unit 3 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange

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2
Q

What are the functions of the nose

A

allow air to enter the body, filter debris, warm and moisten air

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3
Q

Describe the respiratory mucosa

A

thick basement membrane with epithelial cells and goblet cells

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4
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses located

A

air chambers near the nose

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5
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses

A

allow time for the air to warm and act as echo chambers

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6
Q

What is the uvula

A

a soft flap of tissue that hangs down in the back of the mouth

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7
Q

What is the function of the uvula

A

close nasopharynx when eating

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8
Q

What is the oropharynx

A

connects pharynx and oral cavity

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9
Q

What is the laryngopharynx

A

where the pharynx divides into the trachea and esophagus

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10
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis

A

prevent food and drink from entering the windpipe

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11
Q

What are the vocal ligaments

A

medial edge of laryngeal triangular membrane

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12
Q

What is the function of the valsalva’s maneuver

A

increases thoracic pressure monitors autonomic functions

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13
Q

What type of cells make up the mucosa of the trachea

A

pseudostratified columnar

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14
Q

What is the carina

A

where the trachea splits into the two main stem bronchi

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15
Q

What are the components of the conducting zone (little nancy plays to beat ben)

A

larynx nose pharynx trachea bronchi bronicole

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16
Q

What is the change in epithelial tissue as you move along the conducting zone

A

from pseudostratified columnar to simple cuboidal

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17
Q

What is the respiratory membrane

A

alveolar capillary barrier

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18
Q

What do type II pneumocytes do

A

produce surfactant to provide alveolar and airway stability

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19
Q

What do alveolar pores do

A

shorten the distance between particles and the alveolar membrane

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20
Q

What do alveolar macrophages do

A

engulf any particle that makes its way into the alveoli and transport it to the bronchioles for removal

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21
Q

What zone includes the alveoli

A

respiratory zone

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22
Q

What zone includes the trachea

A

conducting zone

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23
Q

What is the parietal pleura

A

the lining of the thoracic wall and superior surface of diaphragm

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24
Q

What is the visceral pleura

A

lining of the surface of the lungs

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25
What is pleural fluid
liquid between the layers of the pleura
26
What is the pleural cavity
space enclosed by the pleura
27
What is pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
28
What is negative respiratory pressure
lower than atmospheric
29
What is positive respiratory pressure
higher than atmospheric
30
What is zero respiratory pressure
equal to atmospheric
31
What is intrapulmonary pressure
force exerted by gases within the alveoli of the lungs during respiration
32
What is intrapleural pressure
pressure within the pleural cavity
33
What can cause the lungs to pull away from the chest wall
pneumothorax
34
What is transpulmonary pressure
the difference between the intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures that prevents the collapse of the airway
35
What factors cause the pleura to pull away from the chest wall
recoil of lungs, surface tension of alveolar fluid, and opposed by elasticity of the chest wall
36
What is atelectasis
when both lungs collapse very rare
37
What is a pneumothorax
collapsed lung, air in intrapleural space
38
What is Boyle's law
P1V1= P2V2
39
What does the diaphragm and intercostal muscles do
contract and pull downward increasing the volume
40
Why do the lungs fill with air
movement of diaphragm causes internal pressure to be less than atmospheric so air moves in
41
What are nonrespiratory movements
sneezing, coughing, burping, laughing, singing, and talking
42
What are the three physical factors that influence the ease of air passage
airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance
43
What does friction do to resistance
increases it
44
What is surfactant
chemical compounds that decrease surface tension
45
What is infant respiratory distress syndrome
not having enough surfactant in lungs which might cause them to collapse
46
What is lung compliance reduced by
surfactant production
47
What is lung elasticity
lungs can expand by pressures surrounding or inflating lungs and collapse as soon as the latter pressures disappear
48
What is a spirometer
measure how much air you can expell
49
What is tidal volume
amount of air that moves in or out of lungs with a respiratory cycle
50
What is a respiratory reserve
amount of extra air exhaled in a forceful breath out
51
What is residual volume?
volume of air remaining in the lung after forceful exhalation
52
What is dead space
air that fills passageways unavailable for gas exchange
53
What is alveolar dead space causes by
alveoli collapse or are obstructed
54
What is the total dead space equation
anatomical + alveolar
55
What is obstructive pulmonary disease
increased airway resistance
56
What is a restrictive disease
reduced TLC due to disease or exposure to environmental agents
57
How is a forced vital capacity test done
deep breath and forceful exhalation
58
What is the minute or total ventilation
total gas in and out in one minute
59
What is the law of partial pressures
total pressure equals the sum of the pressures of each gas
60
what happens to pressure at increased alititude
decreases
61
What are hyperbaric conditions
elevated ambient pressure used when excess oxygen needed
62
Can you have to much O2 atm
yes can cause free radical build up
63
What is gas exchange influenced by
partial pressure gradients, gas solubilities, thickness and surface area of membranes, ventilation-perfusion coupling
64
What is partially saturated hemoglobin
1-3 sites filled with oxygen
65
What is fully saturated hemoglobin
all 4 sites filled with oxygen
66
What is the Hb affinity for oxygen influenced by
temp, hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide
67
What is Hb saturation in venous blood
60-80%
68
What does increased temperature do to Hb affinity for oxygen
decreases it
69
What is the bohr effect
hemoglobin affinity for oxygen is inversely related to acidity and concentration of carbon dioxude
70
What is hypoxemic
below normal level or oxygen in blood
71
What are the three types of carbon dioxide transport
chemically bound to Hb, bicarbonate ion in plasma and chloride shift
72
What is chemically bound CO2 transport
carboaminohemoglobin binds to AA of globulin
73
Carbonic acid Equation
H2O + CO2= H2CO3= HCO3-
74
What is carbonic anhydrase
enzyme that assists in rapid inter-conversion of CO2 and water into carbonic acid protons and bicarbonate ions
75
What is chloride shift
exchange ions in RBC to ensure no build up of electric charge
76
What is hypoxia
decreased oxygen carrying ability of blood
77
What is ischemic
restricted blood flow
78
What is histotoxic
reduction in ATP production due to defect in cellular usage of oxygen
79
What might cause hypoxia
COPD, heart failure, pneumonia, bronchitis
80
What is eupnea
normal relaxed breathing
81
What nerve is involved in breathing
phrenic nerve
82
What is the main factor in breathing rate and depth
Carbon dioxide concentration, H+ concentration
83
What is hypercapnia
elevated CO2 tension
84
What is apnea
breathing stops and starts
85
What are hypothalamic controls
act through limbic system to modify rate and depth of respiration
86
What are cortical controls
direct signals from cerebral motor cortex that bypass medullary controls
87
What is the Hering-Breuer reflex
inflation reflex regulated depth of breathing involving stretch receptors and vagus nerves
88
What is hyperpnea
breathing deeper or faster than usual
89
What is acute mountain sickness
not able to take in enough oxygen
90
What is dyspnea
difficulty or labored breathing
91
Why can you not give a person with COPD oxygen
it will cause them to stop breathing
92
What is emphysema
decreased elasticity of lungs
93
Why is HIV associated with TB
HIV+ may test negative when they have the virus because of depressed immune system so they don't get treatment
94
What are the types of lung cancer
small cell lung cancer, squamous cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma

Anatomy Physiology Unit 3 (4 decks)

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