Chapter 23 Flashcards
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0
Q
A substance that is useless to the body is called?
A
Nitrogenous waste
1
Q
This Organs function is to filter plasma,excretes wastes, Hormones and drugs
It also regulates blood Volume, pressure, and osmolality by regulating water output
It regulates electrolyte acid-base balance
And it secretes Erythrpoietin to control red blood cell count
This organ is called?
A
The kidneys
2
Q
This is a byproduct of protein Catabolism?
A
Urea
3
Q
This is a byproduct of nucleic acid catabolism?
A
Uric acid
4
Q
This is a byproduct of creatine phosphate catabolism?
A
Creatinine
5
Q
Where is the kidney located?
A
Against the posterior abdominal wall at the level of T12 – L3 and
Retroperitoneal (which means posterior to the peritoneum)
6
Q
What are the three layers of the kidney?
A
The renal Facia
Perirenal fat capsule
Fibrous capsule
7
Q
This layer is Fibrous tissue that binds the kidney to the abdominal wall?
A
Renal fascia
8
Q
This layer cushions the kidney and holds it in place?
A
Perirenal fat capsule
9
Q
Encloses the renal parenchyma and protects it?
A
Fibrous capsule (outer layer)
10
Q
What is the name of Glandular tissue that forms urine?
A
Renal parenchyma
11
Q
The medial cavity occupied by blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and urine collecting structures is called?
A
Renal sinus
12
Q
What is the name of the outer zone or layer of the renal parenchyma?
A
The renal cortex
13
Q
What is the name of the inner zone or layer of the renal parenchyma?
A
Renal Medulla
14
Q
What are extensions of the renal cortex that divide the renal medulla and contain blood vessels called?
A
Renal columns
15
Q
What are the tissues that contain urine producing structures called?
A
Renal pyramids
16
Q
The blunt point of the renal pyramid where urine drains?
A
Renal Papilla
17
Q
Cup that collects the urine from the pyramid?
A
Minor calyx
18
Q
Convergence of minor calyces forming a urine passageway?
A
Major calyx
19
Q
Convergence of major calyces forming funnel like drain for urine?
A
Renal pelvis
20
Q
Renal circulation
Of the arteries?
A
Renal artery> Segmental artery > Interlobar artery> arcuate artery > Cortical radiate artery
21
Q
These arise from the cortical radiate artery and supply blood to nephrons?
A
Afferent arterioles
22
Q
Ball of capillaries that filters plasma and produces filtrate?
A
Glomerulus
23
Q
The way blood leaves the glomerulus?
A
Efferent arteriole
24
Network around renal tubule's, reabsorb water and solutes filtered out of the blood by the glomerulus?
Peritubular capillaries
25
Arise from an efferent arteriole and run parallel to nephron loops in the renal medulla, pick up H2O and solutes?
Vasa recta
26
Renal circulation of the veins?
Cortical radiate vein > Arcuate vein > Interlobar vein > Renal vein
27
This carries out the processes that form urine (1.2 million/ kidney)?
Nephron
28
This filters blood plasma?
Renal corpuscle
29
Filters plasma and produces filtrate?
Glomerulus
30
Encloses glomerulus and collects filtrate (plasma on the other side)?
Glomerular capsule
31
Cells that wrap around The glomerulus?
Podocytes
32
Converts filtrate to urine?
Renal tubule
33
This is a duct that leads away from glomerular capsule?
Renal tubule
34
See notes for renal tubes proximal convoluted tubule pathway.......
.
35
Where are cortical nephrons located?
Just Beneath the renal capsule
36
What type of nephrons have long nephrons loops that begin Close to the medulla and extend to the pyramid apex?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
37
What are the four processes of urine formation?
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Water conservation
38
Water and some solutes in the blood pass from the capillaries to the capsular space Of the nephron?
Glomerular filtration
39
When Useful solutes and water from filtrate are returned to the blood?
Tubular reabsorption
40
Wastes from the blood are added to the filtrate?
Tubular secretion
41
Water from the urine is returned to the blood?
Water conservation
42
Fluid passes through three barriers that constitute a filtration membrane what are they?
Glomerular capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
Filtration slits
43
Fenestrated with large filtration pores?
Glomerular Capillary endothelium
44
Holds back most large molecules?
Basement membrane
45
Pedicles of podocytes interdigitate holding back large anions?
Filtration slits
46
When there is protein in the urine this is called?
Proteinuria
47
When there is blood in the urine this is called?
Hematuria
48
What are three filtration pressures?
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Capsular pressure
Colloid osmotic pressure
49
Pushes fluid out of capillaries?
Blood hydrostatic pressure
50
Pushes fluid back into capillaries?
Capsular pressure
51
Colloids in blood draw fluid back into blood (plasma proteins pulling water back in)?
Colloid osmotic pressure
52
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Amount of filtrate formed per minute
53
male GFR?
125 ml/min or 180 L/ day
54
Female GFR
105 ml/ min or 150 L/day
55
Urine excretion
1-2 L/day
56
The amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined is called?
Glomerular filtration rate
57
Regulation of globular filtration is achieved by three homeostatic mechanisms what are they?
Renal autoregulation
Sympathetic control
Hormonal control
58
When nephrons adjust their own blood flow and GFR (glomerular filtration rate) this is called?
Renal autoregulation
59
There are two mechanisms of autoregulation what are they?
The myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback
60
Smooth muscles in the afferent arterioles contract when blood-pressure rises and relax when blood-pressure falls this is called?
Myogenic mechanism
61
Three special cell types occur here?
Tubuloglomerular feedback
62
What are the three special cell types that occur in tubuloglomerular feedback?
Macula densa cells
Juxtaglomerular cells
Mesangial cells
63
These our cells at the end of the nephron loop that secrete messenger chemicals to juxtaglomerular cells?
Macula densa cells
64
These are smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole that dilate or constrict the arteriole when stimulated by the macula densa?
Juxtaglomerular cells
65
Cells between the arterioles and glomerulus that communicate with juxtaglomerular cells?
Mesangial cells
66
A rise in glomerular filtration rate causing increase in tubular flow, activates _________ _________ To stimulate juxtaglomerular cells to __________
Macula densa
| Contract
67
SNS and adrenal epinephrine constrict the afferent arterioles during this?
Sympathetic control
68
When blood pressure drops, juxtaglomerular cells are stimulated to secrete Renin
Renin acts on angiotensinogen to convert it to angiotensin I
In the lungs and kidneys angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II
This process is called?
Renin- angiotensin mechanism
69
Angiotensin II's actions on:
```
Entire body
Kidney
Kidney
Adrenal cortex
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
```
Widespread vasoconstriction on entire body
Constriction of efferent and afferent arterioles of kidneys
Reabsorption of sodium chloride and water in kidneys
Secretion of aldosterone, promoting sodium reabsorption in adrenal cortex
Secretion of ADH, promoting H2O reabsorption in hypothalamus
Promotes thirst in hypothalamus
70
The conversion of glomerular filtration to urine involves the removal and addition of chemicals by two processes what are they?
Tubular reabsorption
| Secretion
71
The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs about how much of the glomerular filtrate?
65%
72
The process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood is called?
Tubular reabsorption
73
Mechanisms of reabsorption:
Ions?
Other?
Water?
Ions are sodium, chloride (follows sodium by electrical attraction), potassium
Other are glucose, amino acids, etc.
Water follows the solutes by osmosis
74
In tubular reabsorption water and solutes leave the tubule cells and are _______________ into the blood by _________________ _________________
Reabsorbed
| Peritubular capillaries
75
A process in which the renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary blood and secretes them into the tubular fluid?
Tubular secretion
76
What purpose does tubular secretion serve?
```
Waste removal (Urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatine)
drug removal (Morphine, penicillin, aspirin)
```
77
What is pumped into tubule using Na+-H+ pump?
H+
78
This generates a salinity gradient that allows the convoluted tubule to concentrate urine?
The nephron loop
79
Reabsorb water?
The descending limb of the Nephron loop
80
Reabsorb sodium, potassium, chloride of the nephron loop?
Ascending limb
81
Fluid arriving in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct still contains about _______of the water and ________ Of the salts from glomerular filtrate?
20%
| 7%
82
In tubular reabsorption the distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs?
Sodium, chloride, water
83
And tubular reabsorption in the collecting duct reabsorb's?
Water
84
During tubular secretion the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts secrete?
Hydrogen, potassium, NH4+(uric acid)
85
This hormone stimulates the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more sodium and secrete potassium, water and chloride follows the sodium?
Aldosterone
86
This hormone inhibits sodium chloride reabsorption by the collecting duct and inhibits renin, Aldosterone, and ADH secretion?
ANP
87
Increases collecting duct permeability to water?
ADH
88
Clear to dark amber colored urine is due to?
Urochrome from hemoglobin
89
Urine is clear but turns cloudy upon standing because of what?
Bacterial growth
90
Upon standing urine begins to smell because bacteria degrade from your urea to what?
Ammonia
91
What is the pH of Urine?
4.5 to 8.2
92
What is the chemical composition of urine?
```
95% water
Urea
Sodium chloride
Potassium chloride
Creatinine
Uric acid, etc.
```
93
How much urine volume should we be outputting a day?
Up to 2 L a day
94
What is it called when your urine volume is greater than 2 L a day?
Polyuria
95
What is it called when your urine volume is less than 500 mL a day?
Oliguria
96
If your urine volume is 0-100 mL a day?
Anuria
97
A chemical that increases urine volume?
Diuretic
98
This diuretic dilates afferent arterioles and increases the GFR?
Caffeine
99
This diuretic inhibits ADH secretion?
Alcohol
100
This diuretic inhibits sodium reabsorption?
Lasix
101
In diabetics this acts as a diuretic by requiring water for its excretion?
Glucose
102
What is the function of the ureters?
They transport urine
They are muscular tubes that extend from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
They open onto the floor of the urinary bladder
Urine moves through the ureters by peristalsis
103
A muscular sac that stores urine is called?
Urinary bladder
104
The urinary bladder holds up to how many milliliters of urine?
700-800 mL
105
Mucosa has transitional epithelium that thins from _____ layers to _______ layers as bladder fills?
5-6 layers
| 2-3 layers
106
What are the wrinkles in the mucosa when relaxed or empty called?
Rugae
107
What is the triangle that is marked by openings of the ureters and urethra called?
Trigone
108
What is the urethra?
It is a tube that conveys urine out of the body from the urinary bladder
109
How long is the female urethra? Male?
Female 3 to 4 cm long
| Male 18 cm long
110
What does the internal urethral sphincter do?
Retains urine in Bladder
111
What does the external urethral sphincter do?
It provides voluntary control over urination
112
When the urinary bladder is filled to 200 mL or more stretch receptors get excited and this happens?
Urination (voiding, micturition)
113
After the urinary bladder is filled and the stretch receptors become excited, stretch receptors in the bladder wall transmit signals to the ________
CNS
114
Next signals from the CNS relax the internal urethral sphincter and excite ___________ _____________to contract?
Detrusor (bladder) muscles
115
Lastly, the external urethral sphincter is voluntarily __________?
Relaxed
116
Hard granules of calcium, phosphate, uric acid, and proteins found in the renal pelvis are called?
Kidney stones
117
Bacterial infection?
Urinary tract infection
118
Auto immune disease following strep infection causing inflammation of the glomeruli?
Acute glomerulonephritis
119
A decline in renal function due to damage or loss of nephrons?
Renal failure
120
Inability to hold urine?
Urinary incontinence
121
Increase in fluid pressure in the renal pelvis and calyces from obstruction of the ureter?
Hydronephrosis
122
Slippage of the kidney to an normally low position?
Nephroptosis
123
Excretion of the large amount of protein in the urine?
Nephrotic syndrome
