Chapter 23 (Final) Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 23 (Final) Deck (85)
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1
Q

What organs play a role in maintaining blood pressure, blood pH, and composition?

A

Kidneys

2
Q

The urinary system is closed associated with the ___________ system.

A

Reproductive

3
Q

The parts that make up the internal parts of the urinary and reproductive system…

A

Share similar pieces of tissue (embyrological development)

Together called urogenital system

4
Q

What are the organs of the urinary systems?

A

Two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

5
Q

NOTE

A

Know more about what he covers in class.

6
Q

What are the kidney functions?

A
  • Filter blood plasma
  • Excrete toxic waste
  • Regulate blood, blood pressure, blood osmolarity
  • Regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance
  • Help regulate calcium
  • Secrete erythropoietin
  • Secrete calcitrol
  • Detoxify free radicals (reactive charged particles that can hurt what they attach to)
7
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Retroperitoneal, not in abdomen, lower back, behind peritoneum

8
Q

Any substance that is useless to the body or present in the excess of the body’s needs

A

Waste

9
Q

Waste substance produced by the body’s metabolism

A

Metabolic waste

10
Q

How is urea formed?

A

Proteins

11
Q

Product of nucleic acid catabolism

A

Uric acid

12
Q

Product of creatine phosphate catabolism

A

Creatinine

13
Q

Separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them

A

Excretion

14
Q

What are the four body systems that carry out excretion?

A

Respiratory system
Integumentary system
Digestive system
Urinary system

15
Q

What is the size and shape of the kidney?

A

Size: bar of bath soap
Shape: lateral surface is convex, medial is concave with a slit, called the hilum (kidney bean)

16
Q

Slit on medial (inward) side of kidney; receives renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and ureter

A

Hilum

17
Q

There are three layers on the kidney. What are they?

A
  1. Renal fascia: sticks kidney to body wall behind it; holds kidney in place
  2. Perirenal fat capsule: cushions kidney and holds it into place
  3. Fibrous capsule: encloses kidney, protec ting it from trauma and infection

Collagen in all three layers.

18
Q

Glandular tissue that forms urine

A

Renal parenchyma

19
Q

Contain/transport urine

A

Renal sinus

20
Q

There are two zones of renal parenchyma.

A

Outer renal cortex
Inner renal medulla:
renal columns (extensions of cortex that project inward toward sinus)
renal pyramids (6-10 with broad base facing cortex and renal papilla facing sinus)

21
Q

One pyramid and its overlying cortex

A

Lobe of kidney

22
Q

Kidneys are only 0.4% of body weight, but receive about 21% of cardiac output

A

Renal fraction

23
Q

Renal artery is divided into segmental arteries that become:

A

Afferent arterioles

Note: Each supply one nephron.

24
Q

The afferent arterioles end at the __________.

A

Glomerulus (ball of capillaries)

25
Q

Drains blood from the glomerulus

A

Efferent arterioles

26
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

Afferent: going in
Efferent: going out

27
Q

Most ________ arterioles lead to peritubular capillaries.

A

Efferent

28
Q

A network of blood vessels within the renal medulla

A

Vasa recta

29
Q

The renal vein empties into the:

A

Inferior vena cava

30
Q

Of renal circulation, you need to know renal artery, Rena vein, and the bottom two (chart with the heart)

A

Know it

31
Q

The nephron is made of two principal parts. What are they and what do they do?

A

Renal corpuscle: filters the blood plasma

Renal tubule: coiled tube that converts filtrate into urine

32
Q

Whatever has been taken out of the blood

A

Filtrate

33
Q

The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus and a 2 layered glomerular capsule that encloses the glomerulus. What are the layers?

A

Parietal (outer) layer

Visceral (inner) layer: consists of elaborate cells (podocytes) that wrap around capillaries of glomerulus

34
Q

Duct leading away from the glomerular capsule and ending at the tip of the medullary pyramid

A

Renal (uriniferous) tubule

35
Q

The renal tubule is divided into four regions. What are they?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle), distal convoluted tube, and collecting duct

36
Q

Longest part of renal tubule that is loaded on the inside with microvilli; lots of tubular absorption

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

37
Q

Long U-shaped portion of renal tubule; filters more stuff out of blood and absorbs more into blood; adjusts level of salt in blood

A

Nephron loop

38
Q

Last part of filtering process of renal tubule

A

Distal convoluted tubule

39
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A

Rids the body of waste products

40
Q

Three barriers through which fluid passes

A

Filtration membrane

41
Q

70-90 nm filtration pores - small enough to exclude blood cells, highly permeable

A

Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries

42
Q

Proteoglycan gel, negative charge, excludes molecules greater than 8 nm

A

Basement membrane

43
Q

Almost any molecule smaller than 3 nm can pass ______ through the filtration membrane.

A

Freely

44
Q

Filtration pressure depends on _______ and _______ pressures on each side of the filtration membrane.

A

Hydrostatic; osmotic

45
Q

High in glomerular capillaries, higher in nephrons

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure

46
Q

In capsular space; 18 mm Mercury due to high filtration rate and continual accumulation of fluid of the capsule

A

Hydrostatic pressure

47
Q

Amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

48
Q

Total amount of filtrate produced per day equals ___ to ___ times the amount of blood in the body.

A

50 to 60

49
Q

What happens if the glomerular filtration rate is too high?

A

Fluid flows too rapidly through renal tubules, too fast for reabsorption of water and solutes. Causes rise of urine output, and dehydrates body and depletes electrolytes

50
Q

What happens if the glomerular filtration rate is too low?

A

Wastes are reabsorbed, azotemia (high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood) may occur

51
Q

GFR is controlled by adjusting glomerular blood pressure from moment to moment. The three homeostatic mechanisms to keep control are:

A
  1. Renal Autoregulation: enables kidney to maintain stable GFR
  2. Sympathetic Control: sympathetic nerve fibers richly innervated the renal blood cells
  3. Hormonal Control: system of hormones that help control blood pressure and GFR
52
Q

What are the two types of renal autoregulation?

A
  1. Myogenic mechanism

2. Tubuloglomerular feedback

53
Q

Tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched (renal autoregulation type)

A

Myogenic mechanism

54
Q

Glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid and adjusts filtration rate accordingly (renal autoregulation type)

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback

55
Q

Patch of slender, closely spaced sensory cells in nephron loop (tubuglomerular regulation)

A

Macula dense

56
Q

Modified smooth muscle cells wrapping around arterioles (close to macula densa) (tubuglomerular feedback)

A

Granular (juxtaglomerular) cells

57
Q

Might also contract, constricting capillaries and further limiting GFR (tubuloglomerular feedback)

A

Mesangial cells

58
Q

Renal autoregulation regulates GFR but cannot keep it entirely ________.

A

Constant

59
Q

Active hormone that increases BP

A

Angiotensin II

60
Q

PCT reabsorbs about ___% of glomerular filtrate.

A

65

61
Q

What are the three steps of urine formation?

A
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
  • Water conservation
62
Q

The process of reclaiming water and solutes from tubular fluid and returning them to the blood

A

Tubular reabsorption

63
Q

What are the 2 routes of reabsorption and how do they occur?

A
  1. Transcellular route: substances pass through proximal convoluted tubule epilethial cells and their base
  2. Paracellular route: Substances pass between proximal convoluted tubule cells, has a solvent drag (water carries dissolved solutes with it)
64
Q

Reabsorbed fluid is ultimately taken up by ________ ________.

A

Peritubular capillaries

65
Q

________ reabsorption is key to tubular reabsorption.

A

Sodium

66
Q

Renal tubule extracts chemicals from capillary blood and secretes them into tubular fluid

A

Tubular secretion

67
Q

What are the purposes of secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule and nephron loop?

A

Acid-base balance: secretion of varying proportions of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions helps regulate pH of body fluids
Waste removal: urea, uric acid, bile acids, ammonia, and creatinine are secreted into the tubule
Clearance of drugs and contaminants: morphine, penicillin, aspirin (your kidney disposes of antibiotics fast/multiple doses a day)

68
Q

Primary function of nephron loop:

A

Generate salinity gradient that enables collecting duct to concentrate the urine and conserve water

69
Q

Fluid arriving at the distal convoluted tubule (DST) still contains about ___% of the water and ___% of the salts from glomerular filtrate.

A

20; 7

70
Q

Examples of DCT and collecting duct regulation hormones:

A

Aldosterone, atrial natriuretic, peptide, ADH, parathyroid hormone

71
Q

The kidney eliminates metabolic wastes from the body, but prevents excessive ______ loss.

A

Water

72
Q

As the kidney returns water to the tissue fluid and bloodstream, the fluid remaining in the renal tubules pass as _______, and becomes more concentrated.

A

Urine

73
Q

Compares urine sample’s density to that of distilled water

A

Specific gravity

74
Q

Ranges from 50 mOsm/L to 1,200 mOsm/L in dehydrated person

A

Osmolarity

75
Q

Range 4.5 to 8.2, usually 6 (mildly acidic)

A

pH

76
Q

Normal urine volume for average adult:

A

1 to 2 L/day

77
Q

Output excess of 2 L/day

A

Polyuria

78
Q

Output of less than 500 mL/day

A

Oliguria

79
Q

0 to 100 mL/day

A

Anuria

80
Q

Retroperitoneal, muscular tubes that extend from each kidney to the urinary bladder

A

Ureters

81
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ureters?

A

Adventitia: connects ureter to surrounding structures
Muscularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle, 3rd layer in lower ureter
Mucosa: transitional epilethium

82
Q

Muscular sac located on floor of the pelvic cavity

A

Urinary bladder

83
Q

Smooth-surfaced triangular area on bladder floor that is marked with openings of ureters and urethra

A

Trigone

84
Q

Capacity of urine in the urinary bladder:

A

500 mL; maximum fullness is 700 to 800 mL

85
Q

What happens to the urinary bladder if it is not emptied?

A

Ruptures