Chapter 24 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Advantages of Breast Feeding
~Allergies are less likely to develop.
~Immunologic properties help prevent infections.
~Composition meets infants specific nutritional needs. (fats, protein, and carbohydrates)
~Breast milk is easily digested.
~Unlikely to be contaminated.
~No bottles, formula to prepare or purchase.
~Mother will usually eat a more balanced diet.
~Infants have less constipation.
~Promotes bonding with infant.
~Convenient…always have milk ready
Disadvantages of Breast Feeding
~Only the mother can feed the infant, unless the milk is pumped and stored.
~Difficult for working mothers to pump milk at work.
~Family and friends may not be supportive of breast feeding.
How do you know if the baby is getting enough milk?
~infant will eat every 1 ½ -3 hours during the day. Possibly 8-12 times in a 24 hour period.
~you will hear the infant swallowing. May see milk in the baby’s mouth or milk dripping occasionally from the breast.
~infant seems satisfied after feedings.
~breasts will get softer by the end of the feeding.
~you will see nutritive sucking and swallowing with periodic rest periods
~the milk production is based on “supply and demand.” The more the baby nurses, the more milk the mother will make.
(first they lose weight, then they gain it)
Types of Breast Milk
foremilk, hindmilk, colostrum, transitional mik, mature milk
foremilk
the first breast milk received in a feeding
hindmilk
breast milk received near the end of a feeding, contains a higher fat content than foremilk.
colostrum -
a thick, yellow breast fluid secreted during pregnancy and the first week of birth. High in protein, vitamins and minerals and antibodies which help protect the G.I. tract from infection. Also has a laxative effect which helps the passage of meconium.
transitional milk -
his is the milk that appears during the changes from colostrum to mature milk. The milk is increasing in fat and calories at this point.
mature mlik -
usually appears at 2 weeks. This milk may have a bluish tint to it. This milk contains approximately 20 cal/ounce.
**20 cal/oz so is formula
From 1 Feeding to the Next
The mother will begin feeding on one side and finish on the other.
~Feedings may take 10-20 minutes on each side.
~The infant may be burped between breasts and after 2nd breast.
~For the next feeding: the mother will begin on the side that she finished on. You want to encourage complete emptying of the first side so that the infant receives the hindmilk.
Daily Calorie and Fluid Needs of the Newborn
Calories: 110kcal/kg (45 to 50 kcal/lb) An average 7 ½ lb. infant requires 19-21 oz of milk/day.
Fluid: 60 to 80ml/kg (18-27ml/lb) (for first 2 days)
Fluid: 100 to 150ml/kg (45-68ml/lb) (by day 3- 7 days of life)
Newborns lose water easily from skin and kidneys. Breast milk and formula meet the infant’s fluid needs. Additional water is unnecessary.
prolaction
at birth, the decrease of progesterone and estrogen results in increased levels of Prolactin and causes milk production. Secreted from the anterior pituitary.
oxytocin
increases in response to nipple stimulation and causes the milk-ejection reflex, known as “let-down reflex.”
Secreted from the posterior pituitary.
let down reflex
When the mother sees, hears, or thinks about her infant and/or feeding, there will be an increase in Oxytocin and will begin “let down.”
Also, Oxytocin causes the uterine contractions that mothers may or may not feel at the beginning of breast feeding
cradle hold -
infant tummy-tummy with mom with mom’s fingers at 6 and 12
modified cradle hold -
Mom’s fingers in 9 and 3 position.
football hold
infant held like a football with mom’s fingers at 6 and 12.
side lying -
avoids pressure on mother’s abdominal incision or episiotomy.
Preparing the Breasts to Feed
Mom needs to massage breast to increase the flow of hormones and to get the mom thinking about breast feeding.
When infant is in position, mom may squeeze a small amount of colostrum from nipple to rub across infant’s lips to increase rooting and latch-on.
Mom may continue to massage breast while infant begins feeding until let-down occurs.
At the end of breastfeeding
, teach the mother to break the suction of the infant by having her insert her clean finger in the corner of the infant’s mouth. This will help prevent irritation of the nipples.
Most hospitals offer breastfeeding mothers a cream to apply to her nipples for soreness. The most effective way to prevent soreness is by air drying the nipples after breastfeeding.
Signs of Infant Problems with Breastfeeding
Falling asleep after feeding less than 5 minutes Refusal to breastfeed Tongue thrusting Smacking or clicking sounds Dimpling of cheeks Failure to open mouth wide at latch-on Non-nutritive sucking at the beginning of the feeding. Baby having stuffy nose and then trouble breast feeding Lower lip turned in Short, choppy motions of jaw No audible swallowing Use of formula Fewer than 3 stools daily by 3rd day Infant not satisfied after feedings
Signs of Maternal Breastfeeding Problems
Hard, tender breasts Painful, red, cracked, blistered, or bleeding nipples Flat or inverted nipples Localized edema or pain in either breast Fever, generalized aching, or malaise
engorgement
swelling of the breasts. There is an accumulation of milk that causes pain and tenderness to the breasts. Mother will need to massage the breast and express some of the milk from the breast in order for the baby to latch on.
mastitis
inflammation of the breast that may look and feel like Engorgement. Can be caused by an accumulation of milk or infection.
