Chapter 24 Urinary System 2.0 Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT one of the layers of the filtration membrane?
A) Endothelium of the glomerulus
B) Basement membrane of the glomerulus
C) Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
D) Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule
D) Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule
Which layer of the filtration membrane ensures that large molecules remain in the capillaries of the glomerulus?
A) Basement membrane of the glomerulus
B) Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
C) Endothelium of the glomerulus
D) Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule
C) Endothelium of the glomerulus
The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of which substances that selectively allow small substances to pass while blocking large substances?
A) Collagen fibers
B) Glycoproteins and proteoglycans
C) Endothelial cells
D) Podocytes
B) Glycoproteins and proteoglycans
Which of the following substances are considered “freely filtered” and pass through the glomerular membrane to form a filtrate?
A) Lipids and fatty acids
B) Red blood cells
C) Water, glucose, amino acids, ions, urea, some hormones, water-soluble vitamins, and ketones
D) Proteins and large molecules
C) Water, glucose, amino acids, ions, urea, some hormones, water-soluble vitamins, and ketones
Which of the following substances are NOT filtered through the glomerular membrane and remain inside the capillaries?
A) Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
B) Glucose
C) Platelets
D) Large proteins
D) Large proteins
Limited filtration refers to substances that pass through the filtration membrane in minimal amounts primarily due to:
A) Differences in size between the membrane and the substance
B) Differences in charge between the membrane and the substance
C) Active transport mechanisms
D) Hydrostatic pressure imbalances
B) Differences in charge between the membrane and the substance
What is the role of mesangial cells in the filtration process within the glomerulus?
A) Regulate blood pressure within the capillaries
B) Produce and release renin to control blood volume
C) Phagocytose macromolecules to maintain the cleanliness and patency of the filtration membrane
D) Reabsorb water and electrolytes from the tubular fluid
C) Phagocytose macromolecules to maintain the cleanliness and patency of the filtration membrane
What is the primary driving force for the movement of water and dissolved substances into the filtrate during the filtration process in the glomerulus?
A) Osmotic pressure
B) Hydrostatic pressure
C) Oncotic pressure
D) Colloid osmotic pressure
B) Hydrostatic pressure (Glomerular hydrostatic pressure)
Which of the following pressures opposes the glomerular hydrostatic pressure and hinders the movement of water and solutes into the filtrate during the filtration process?
A) Colloidal osmotic pressure in the blood
B) Glomerular filtration rate
C) Capsular hydrostatic pressure
D) Glomerular oncotic pressure
A) Colloidal osmotic pressure in the blood and C) Capsular hydrostatic pressure
Net filtration pressure (NFP) is calculated by subtracting which of the following from the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) during the filtration process?
A) Blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg)
B) Glomerular oncotic pressure
C) Capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
D) Glomerular filtration rate
A) Blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) and C) Capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between Net Filtration Pressure (NFP), Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), and urine production?
A) An increase in NFP leads to a decrease in GFR and decreased urine production.
B) A decrease in NFP leads to an increase in GFR and increased urine production.
C) An increase in NFP leads to an increase in GFR and increased urine production.
D) A decrease in NFP leads to a decrease in GFR and decreased urine production.
C) An increase in NFP leads to an increase in GFR and increased urine production.
Which of the following statements accurately describes renal autoregulation and extrinsic controls of kidney function?
A) Renal autoregulation refers to the influence of neural and hormonal components on kidney function.
B) Extrinsic controls are the intrinsic mechanisms that maintain constant blood pressure in the kidneys.
C) Intrinsic control is exemplified by the action of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
D) Renal autoregulation allows the kidneys to independently regulate blood pressure and glomerular filtration.
D) Renal autoregulation allows the kidneys to independently regulate blood pressure and glomerular filtration.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback in kidney regulation?
A) The myogenic response is activated when tubuloglomerular feedback cannot maintain normal blood pressure during an increase in systemic blood pressure.
B) The myogenic response controls blood flow into the glomerulus through the contraction or relaxation of smooth muscles in the efferent arteriole.
C) Tubuloglomerular feedback involves feedback from the renal tubules to regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when myogenic response alone cannot maintain normal blood pressure.
D) Tubuloglomerular feedback primarily affects the smooth muscles in the afferent arteriole to control blood flow into the glomerulus.
C) Tubuloglomerular feedback involves feedback from the renal tubules to regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when myogenic response alone cannot maintain normal blood pressure.
How does sympathetic stimulation of the kidneys affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine production?
A) Sympathetic stimulation increases GFR and urine production.
B) Sympathetic stimulation decreases GFR and urine production.
C) Sympathetic stimulation has no effect on GFR and urine production.
D) Sympathetic stimulation initially increases GFR but decreases urine production.
B) Sympathetic stimulation decreases GFR and urine production.
How does sympathetic stimulation of the kidneys affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine production?
A) Sympathetic stimulation increases GFR and urine production.
B) Sympathetic stimulation decreases GFR and urine production.
C) Sympathetic stimulation has no effect on GFR and urine production.
D) Sympathetic stimulation initially increases GFR but decreases urine production.
B) Sympathetic stimulation decreases GFR and urine production.
Which of the following accurately describes the functions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
A) ANP causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles and stimulates renin secretion.
B) ANP promotes vasodilation of afferent arterioles and inhibits renin secretion.
C) ANP increases glomerular filtration rate and promotes water reabsorption.
D) ANP decreases urine production and enhances sodium reabsorption.
B) ANP promotes vasodilation of afferent arterioles and inhibits renin secretion.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the factors influencing reabsorption and secretion in the renal tubules?
A) Substances pass through the tubule wall via paracellular transport between cells.
B) Transcellular transport occurs when substances pass through one membrane, either the luminal or basolateral.
C) Transport proteins are absent from the membranes and do not participate in the transport process.
D) Peritubular capillaries have low blood colloid osmotic pressure and high hydrostatic pressure.
B) Transcellular transport occurs when substances pass through two membranes, the luminal and basolateral.
What is the relationship between tubular maximum and renal threshold?
A) Tubular maximum refers to the concentration of a substance in the blood beyond which it starts appearing in the urine.
B) Renal threshold denotes the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed or secreted through the tubular wall.
C) Tubular maximum depends on the presence of proteins on the membranes of tubular epithelial cells.
D) Renal threshold is influenced by the movement of substances through the tubular wall.
C) Tubular maximum depends on the presence of proteins on the membranes of tubular epithelial cells.
How is glucose reabsorbed from the tubular lumen in the proximal convoluted tubule?
A) Passive diffusion across the luminal membrane
B) Active transport mediated by the Na+/glucose transport protein
C) Facilitated diffusion through the basolateral membrane
D) Exocytosis into the interstitial fluid
B) Active transport mediated by the Na+/glucose transport protein
What happens to proteins in the tubular fluid within the renal tubules?
A) Proteins are completely reabsorbed into the blood.
B) Proteins are filtered and eliminated in the urine.
C) Proteins are transported back into the blood after undergoing enzymatic changes in the tubule cell.
D) Proteins are broken down into amino acids and stored within the tubule cell.
C) Proteins are transported back into the blood after undergoing enzymatic changes in the tubule cell.
Which of the following substances undergoes regulated reabsorption in the kidneys to control blood composition?
A) Glucose
B) Urea
C) Sodium
D) Nitrogen
C) Sodium
Which of the following statements accurately describes the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in the renal tubules?
A) Sodium is primarily reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule through active transport.
B) Potassium moves from the tubular fluid into the blood via facilitated diffusion.
C) Calcium reabsorption is regulated by aldosterone in the proximal convoluted tubule.
D) Phosphate is filtered into the tubular fluid, and its reabsorption is promoted by parathyroid hormone (PTH).
D) Phosphate is filtered into the tubular fluid, and its reabsorption is promoted by parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Which of the following accurately describes the hormonal regulation of water reabsorption in the renal tubules?
A) Aldosterone increases water reabsorption by directly binding to aquaporins.
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) enhances water reabsorption by increasing sodium reabsorption.
C) Aldosterone stimulates the movement of aquaporins to the luminal membrane.
D) ADH increases water reabsorption by increasing the number of active sodium-potassium pumps
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) enhances water reabsorption by increasing sodium reabsorption.
How do type A intercalated cells and type B intercalated cells in the collecting tubules and collecting ducts regulate pH?
A) Type A intercalated cells secrete bicarbonate ions, while type B intercalated cells reabsorb H+ ions.
B) Type A intercalated cells secrete H+ ions, while type B intercalated cells synthesize bicarbonate ions.
C) Type A intercalated cells reabsorb H+ ions, while type B intercalated cells secrete bicarbonate ions.
D) Type A intercalated cells synthesize bicarbonate ions, while type B intercalated cells secrete H+ ions.
B) Type A intercalated cells secrete H+ ions, while type B intercalated cells synthesize bicarbonate ions.
