Chapter 26/7 Flashcards Preview

Biology > Chapter 26/7 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 26/7 Deck (45)
Loading flashcards...
0
Q

Systematics

A

Classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships. Use fossil,molecular and genetic data to infer relationships.

1
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

2
Q

Taxonomy

A

Ordered division and naming of organisms

3
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Two parts for naming a species, called binomial. First part is called genus, second part called specific epithet, first part capitalized and the entire name is it italicized.

4
Q

Hierarchical classification

A

Broad to narrow, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

5
Q

Taxon

A

A unit at any level of hierarchy

6
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships. Branch point shows divergence of two species and a sister taxa are groups that share a common ancestor.

7
Q

Homologies

A

Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry, example: is the four limbs of tetrapods.

8
Q

Analogy

A

Similar because of convergent evolution, example: the wings of bats, birds, and insects evolved independently from each other but all are used to perform the function of flying.

9
Q

Outgroup

A

Species that is closely related to the ingroup, it is a group that has diverged before the ingroup.

10
Q

Ingroup

A

The various species being studied. This and outgroup are used to study to see the difference between shared derived and shared ancestral characteristics.

11
Q

Clade

A

a group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor

12
Q

Five kingdoms

A

Prokaryotes, protists, plants, fungi and animalia

13
Q

Three domains

A

Bacteria, archaea and eukarya

14
Q

Eukaryotes are closely related to Archaea than to bacteria

A

Eukarya have plants, animals, fungi. Archaea have halophiles, thermophiles. Bacteria have cyanobacteria, plastids that have chloroplasts.

15
Q

Prokaryotes are divided to two domains, archaea and bacteria.

A

Live anywhere, acidic, hot, cold, are microscopic, very small but their is alot of them.

16
Q

Prokaryotic cells, are unicellular so it only has one cell, they are very small.

A

Have three shapes, spheres, rods and spirals.

17
Q

Bacteria cell walls have peptidoglycan.

A

Sugar polymers cross linked with polypeptides

18
Q

Gram stain classifies bacteria cell wall composition.

A

Gram(+): have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan. Gram(-): have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic.

19
Q

Antibiotics target peptidoglycan and damage bacterial cell walls.

A

Gram(-) is more likely to be antibiotic resistant.

20
Q

Archaea has polysaccharides and proteins, no peptidoglycan.

A

A protein layer is called a capsule and covers many prokaryotes.

21
Q

Fimbriae

A

Allows prokaryotes to stick on their substance or other individuals.

22
Q

Bacteria exhibit taxis. Chemotaxis is the movement toward or away a chemical stimulus.

A

Taxis is the ability to move toward or away a stimulus.A stimulus is anything that can trigger behavior.

23
Q

Prokaryotes, have endospores.

A

They remain successful in harsh conditions. Thats why prokaryotes can live anywhere.

24
Q

Phototrophs

A

Obtain energy from light

25
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Obtain energy from chemicals

26
Q

Autrotrophs- photoautotroph and chemoautotroph

A

Require CO2 as carbon source. Photo- need light and CO2.

Chemi- need inorganic chemicals for energy and CO2 for carbon source.

27
Q

Heterotrophs- photoheterotrophs and chemoheterotrophs

A

Require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds.
Photo- need light and organic compounds.
Chemo- need organic compounds for energy and carbon source

28
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Need O2 for respiration

29
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Are poisoned by O2 and use anaerobic respiration.

30
Q

Faculative anaerobes

A

Can survive with or without oxygen

31
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)

32
Q

Metabolic cooperation

A

Prokaryotes use environmental resources because they cant do it by themselves. Ex: photosynthetic cells and nitrogen fixing cells called heterocysts exchanged metabolic products.

33
Q

Biofilms

A

Metabolic cooperation occurs in this surface coating colony

34
Q

Molecular systematics

A

Led to splitting of prokaryotes into bacteria and archaea, and continue to work on the phylogeny of prokaryotes

35
Q

Archaea live in extreme environments called extremophiles

A

Halophiles- live in saline environments

Thermophiles- live in hot environments

36
Q

Methanogens

A

Live in swamps, produce methane and are poisoned by oxygen making them anaerobes.

37
Q

Chemical recycling

A

Chemoheterotroph prokaryotes are decomposers and break down dead organisms and waste products

38
Q

Symbiosis

A

Relationship in which two species live in close contact. Larger called host and smaller called symbiont. Do this with larger organisms.

39
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

40
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits and the other is not harmed or helped

41
Q

Paratism

A

An organism is a parasite and harms but doesn’t kill the host. Parasites that cause disease are pathogens.

42
Q

Mutualistic bacteria

A

Human intestines are home to 500-1000 species of bacteria and break down food

43
Q

Exotins

A

Cause disease even if the prokaryote isn’t present

44
Q

Endontoxins

A

Released only when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down.