Chapter 26

Question 1

When did life begin in oceans

Answer 1

4-3.5bya

Question 2

Differences in land and aquatic environments

Answer 2

1. Physical features like temperature, salinity, pH are stable in aquatic environment
2. Terrestrial environment lacks support or buoyancy in the air
3. Water is wet, air is dry

Question 3

Evidence that land plants came from charaphyta

Answer 3

• rosette shaped enzyme complexes for cellulose synthesis
• peroxysome enzymes
• structure of flagellated sperm are similar
• formation of a phragmoplast (cell wall during mitosis)
• both have chlorophyll a and b and beta-carotene
• cell walls both made of cellulose
• both store carbohydrates as starch

Question 4

Alternation of generations

Answer 4

Life cycles of plants anee split between haploid gametophyte generation and diploid sporophyte generation.

Gametophytes produce gametangia (archegonia and antheridia)to make gametes by mitosis

Sporophytes produce sporangia which produce spores by meiosis

Question 5

Derived trait of land plants

Answer 5

Apical meristems (on tips and roots)

Question 6

Adaptations of land plants

Answer 6

Stoma: close and open to control water loss
Cuticle: hold in water

Question 7

How did fungi help land plants

Answer 7

Mycorrhizae formed symbiotic relationship with plants by attaching to roots of plants and assisting in absorption of minerals and water from the soil

Question 8

Haustoria

Answer 8

Fungal branches inside the cortical plant cells

Question 9

Fungi

Answer 9

Heterotrophs that feed by absorption by secreting digestive enzymes outside their dells then absorbing the nutrients (saprophytic)

Important decomposers
Have chitin-polysaccharide that is strong and stable

Question 10

Huao he and mycelium

Answer 10

Mycelium in the large group

Hyphae is one part

Question 11

Chytridiomycota

Answer 11

Motile spores with flagella
Globular fruiting body, branched hyphae or unicellular
Lakes and soil

Question 12

Zygomycota

Answer 12

Resistant zygospoangium as sexual stage

Multicellular hyphae grow as molds, act as decomposers or parasites

Question 13

Glomeromycota

Answer 13

Arbuscular mycorrhizae (haustoria) 
Important symbionts

Question 14

Ascomycota

Answer 14

Sexual spores borne internally in sacs called asci

Marine, freshwater, terrestrial species
Cup shaped fruiting body

Question 15

Basidiomycota

Answer 15

Club fungi
Elaboraré fruiting body called basidiocarp

Important decomposers and ectomycorrhizal symbionts(forms sheaths of hyphae over plant roots) with plants

Question 16

Phylum Bryophyta

Answer 16

Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

• lack vascular tissue
• primary producers
• colonizers (first plants into new habitats)
• haploid gametophytes are dominant stage

Question 17

Why do mosses grow as clumps

Answer 17

Clump acts as a sponge for holding water

Question 18

Moss

Stems
Leaves
Rhizoids

Answer 18

Limited support
Photosynthesis
Anchorage

Question 19

Limitations of moss

Answer 19

Lack vascular tissue

Need water for flagellated sperm

Question 20

Vascular plants

Answer 20

Ferns and seedless vascular plants formed first forests 425 mya
Seed plants then formed forests 350 mya

Question 21

Vascular tissue

Answer 21

Xylem: transports water up using tracheids

Phloem: transports water and organic molecules up and down plant with sieve tubes and companion cell

Question 22

Microphylls

Megaphylls

Answer 22

Leaves

Narrow, single strand of vascular tissue (club mosses)

Wide, branched vascular tissue (all other vascular plants)

Question 23

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Answer 23

Produce seeds but the seeds are not contained inside any structure, these laments have cones

The seeds are produced inside an ovary which becomes the fruit, these plants have flowers

Question 24

Advantages of the seed

Answer 24

• tough waterproof outer seed coat to protect the embryo
• large amounts of food stored in the seed
• embryo is advanced in development, not a single cell like a spore

Question 25

Monocot and dicot

Answer 25

Monocotyledon or one seed lead at germination

Dicotyledon or two seed leaves at germination

Question 26

Flower plant

Leaves
Stems
Roots

Answer 26

Large surface area for photosynthesis
Support and maintain upright shape
Anchorage and absorption

Question 27

What represent gametophyte stage of a flowering plant

Answer 27

The male and female parts

Question 28

Pollen dispersal

Answer 28

Insects, birds, mammals, wind,

Mammals eat fruit and poop out seeds