Chapter 27 Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

Answer 1

Archaea and Bacteria

Question 2

Are prokaryotes multicellular or unicellular?

Answer 2

Unicellular that can form colonies

Question 3

What the 3 common shapes of prokaryotes?

Answer 3

spheres (cocci)
rods (bacilli)
spirals

Question 4

What are bacterial cell walls made up of?
What are archaean cell walls made up of?

Answer 4

Peptidoglycan - Bacteria

Polysaccharides and Proteins - Archaean

Question 5

What is an important feature of the prokaryotic?

Answer 5

It’s cell wall

Question 6

What is a gram stain

Answer 6

Used by scientists to classify bacteria by cell wall composition

Question 7

gram positive bacteria

Answer 7

have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan

Question 8

gram negative bacteria

Answer 8

have less peptidoglycan and has an outer membrane that can be toxic

Question 9

Which gram bacteria is most likely to be antibiotic resistant?

Answer 9

gram negative bacteria because most antibiotics target peptidoglycan and it doesn’t have much of this

Question 10

What is a capsule?

Answer 10

A polysaccharide or protein layer that covers many prokaryotes

Question 11

Taxis

Answer 11

Ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

Question 12

Chemotaxis

Answer 12

Movement toward of away from chemical stimulus

Question 13

what is a bacterial flagella composed of?

Answer 13

• motor
• hook
• filament

Question 14

What are plasmids?

Answer 14

Smaller rings of dna that some species of bacteria have

Question 15

what is a nucleoid region?

Answer 15

where circular DNA chromosome is located; not surrounded by a membrane

Question 16

What do prokaryotic cells lack?

Answer 16

They lack complex compartmentalization

Question 17

What are key features of the prokaryotic reproduction?

Answer 17

• they’re small
• reproduction by binary fission
• have short generation times

Question 18

What 3 factors contribute to genetic diversity in prokaryotes?

Answer 18

• Mutation
• rapid reproduction
• genetic recombination

Question 19

Genetic Recombination

Answer 19

Combining of DNA from 2 sources, contributes to diversity

Question 20

Transformation

Answer 20

Prokaryotic cells can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment

Question 21

Transductions

Answer 21

Movement of genes b/w bacteria by bacteriophages

Question 22

Conjugation

Answer 22

Process where genetic material is transferred b/w prokaryotic cells

Question 23

What are the 3 ways prokaryotic DNA from different individuals can be brought together?

Answer 23

• transformation
• transduction
• conjugation

Question 24

What is the F-factor?

Answer 24

A piece of DNA that’s required for the production of pili

Question 25

Connection between F plasmid and conjugation?

Answer 25

During conjugation, cells that has f plasmid is a DNA donor and those without f plasmid is a DNA recipient

Question 26

What is a R plasmid?

Answer 26

It carries the genes for antibiotic resistance Bacteria that has r plasmids cannot be killed with antibiotics

Question 27

What are the 4 ways prokaryotes are organized by how they obtain energy and carbon?

Answer 27

- Autotrophs: requires CO2 as a carbon source - Phototrophs: Obtains energy from light - Heterotrophs: Obtains energy from organic nutients -Chemotrophs: Obtains energy from chemical reactions

Question 28

What are the 4 major modes of nutrition?

Answer 28

- Photoautotrophy: Makes own food but needs sunlight - Chemoautotrophy: Doesn't need sunlight but needs inorganic chemicals - Photoheterotrophy: Needs sunlight and nutrients - Chemoheterotrophy: Needs nutrients and chemicals

Question 29

What are the 3 roles of oxygen in metabolism?

Answer 29

- Oblique Aerobes: Requires O2 for cellular respirations - Oblique Anaerobes: Doesn't need O2 for respirations - Facultative Anaerobes: Can survive with or without O2

Question 30

What are the 3 extreme archaeans?

Answer 30

extremophiles: Archaea that lives in extreme environments extreme halophiles: archaea that live in saline environments extreme thermophiles: archaea that live in very hot environments

Question 31

What are methanogens?

Answer 31

Lives in swamps and marshes, and produce methane as a waste product

Question 32

What is commensalism?

Answer 32

One organism benefits while the other doesn't benefit nor is harmed

Question 33

What is mutualism?

Answer 33

Both symbiotic organisms benefit

Question 34

What is parasitism?

Answer 34

Parasite harms but doesn't kill its host

Question 35

What is exotoxins?

Answer 35

Toxins secreted and cause disease without the present of the prokaryote

Question 36

What are endotoxins?

Answer 36

Toxins released only when the bacteria dies and the cell wall breaks down

Question 37

Proteobacteria?

Answer 37

Gram-negative bacteria that includes photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs. Some are anaerobic while others are aerobic - All include a greek name along with proteobacteria

Question 38

What is cyanobacteria?

Answer 38

Photoautotrophs that generates O2.

Question 39

What is spirochetes?

Answer 39

Bacteria that are helical heterotrophs examples: causes syphilis