the severity of blood loss in dependent on several variables:
1
2
3
4
5
amount of blood loss
rate of blood loss
other injuries or existing conditions
pt existing medical problems
pt age
classes of hemmorhage:
class I
amount of blood loss
HR
vasoconstriction
ventilatory rate
systolic bp
pulse pressure
skin
BL
classes of hemmorhage:
class II
amount of blood loss
HR
vasoconstriction
ventilatory rate
systolic bp
pulse pressure
skin
BL 15-30%
HR up up
VC up up
vent rate up
sBP norm
pp narrow
skin pale, cool, and clammy
classes of hemmorhage:
class III
amount of blood loss
HR
vasoconstriction
ventilatory rate
systolic bp
pulse pressure
skin
BL 30-40%
HR up up up
VC up up up
vent rate up up
sBP down
pp narrow
skin severely pale and cool
classes of hemmorhage:
class IV
amount of blood loss
HR
vasoconstriction
ventilatory rate
systolic bp
pulse pressure
skin
BL >40%
HR up up up up or down
VC up up up up or down down
vent rate up up up
sBP down down down
pp very narrow or wide
skin severely pale, cold, mottled
bleeding type - bright red, spurting blood from a wound that usually indicated a severed or damaged artery
arterial bleeding
bleeding type - dark red blood that flows steadily from a wound that usually indicates a severed or damaged vein
venous bleeding
bleeding type - slowly oozing blood that is dark or intermediate color of red that usually indicates damaged capillaries
capillary bleeding
two types of homeostatic agents:
dressing or powder
Epistaxis
Nosebleed
The two most common sources of internal bleeding are ________ or ______.
Injured or damaged internal organs and fractured extremities, especially femur and pelvis
Factors that may interfere with the clotting process and lead to an increase in the rate of bleeding or the amount of blood lost:
Movement
Low body temp
Medications
Intravenous fluids
Removal of dressings and bandages
a wound in which there is no break in the continuity of the skin is called a _______.
closed injury
an injury to the tissue and blood vessels contained within the dermis; or bruise.
contusion
black and blue discoloration associated with a contusion that occurs when the red blood cells in the blood that has leaked out of the capillary or vessel become deoxygenated
ecchymosis
a closed injury to the soft tissues characterized by swelling and discoloration caused by a mass of blood beneath the epidermis.
hematoma
an open or closed injury in which high-pressure forces cause serious damage to underlying soft tissues with internal bleeding, resulting in possible hemorrhagic shock
crush injury
an injury in which the continuity of the skin is broken.
open injury
6 general types of open injuries:
abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, amputations, penetrations/punctures, and crash injuries.
an open injury to the outermost layer of the skin caused by a scraping away, rubbing, or shearing away of the tissue.
abrasion
an open injury characterized by a loose flap of skin and soft tissue that has been torn loose or pulled completely off.
avulsion
an open injury caused by the ripping or tearing away of a limb, body part, or organ.
amputation
an open injury usually caused by forceful impact with a sharp object and characterized by a wound whose edges may be linear (smooth and regular) or stellate (jagged and irregular) in appearance; a wound that penetrates the brain
laceration
an open injury caused by a sharp, pointed object being pushed into the soft tissues
penetration/punctures
an injury in which a part of the body is caught or strangled by some piece of machinery
clamping injury
an air- and water-tight trauma dressing used in first aid. These dressings are generally made with a waxy coating so as to provide a total seal, and as a result do not have the absorbent properties of gauze pads.
occlusive dressing
a protrusion of organs from a wound
evisceration