Chapter 3

Question 1

This refers to as highly complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins and inorganic substances. It is the red fluid of the blood vessels.

Answer 1

Blood

Question 2

Importance of the Study of Blood

Answer 2

1. As circumstantial or corroborative evidence against or in favor of the perpetrator
2. For disputed parentage
3. Determination of the cause of death and the length of time the victim survived the attack
4. Determination of the direction of escape of the victim or the assailant
5. Determination of the origin of the flow of blood
6. Determination of the approximate time the crime was committed

Question 3

Nature of Blood

Answer 3

1. Largest circulating tissue of the body
2. Consists of vital substances
3. Fluid that circulates into the Cardiovascular System (CVS)

Question 4

Function of Blood

Answer 4

1. Transport of gases (O2 and CO2), nutrients, and wastes
2. Blood regulates body temperature.
3. Blood regulates pH of the body fluids.
4. Blood carries injected and otherwise given medicines to the affected parts of the body.

Question 5

Kinds of Blood

Answer 5

1. Arterial Blood
2. Venous Blood

Question 6

It is also known as capillary blood. It is bright red in color and which is oxygenated blood.

Answer 6

Arterial Blood

Question 7

It is dark red in color, contains increased amount of carbon dioxide and which is non-oxygenated blood.

Answer 7

Venous Blood

Question 8

It is responsible for red color of blood which contains iron protein called globin (protein) and hematin (organic compound of iron).

Answer 8

Hemoglobin

Question 9

Types of Hemoglobin

Answer 9

1. Abnormal derivatives of HB
2. Normal derivatives of Hemoglobin

Question 10

Abnormal derivatives of HB

Answer 10

a) Methemoglobin (Hbm)
b) Sulfhemoglobin (HbS)
c) Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)

Question 11

Normal derivatives of Hemoglobin

Answer 11

a) Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
b) Reduced Homoglobin (HbCO2)

Question 12

It is found in Nitrates and Nitrites poisoning which is chocolate brown in color.

Answer 12

Methemoglobin (Hbm)

Question 13

It is found in the presence of bacteria (clostridium perfringens) in severe constipation, enterogenous cyanosis, and blood is lavender is color.

Answer 13

Sulfhemoglobin (HbS)

Question 14

It is the excessive inhalation of gas from defective stoves and from automobiles which is cherry red color of blood.

Answer 14

Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)

Question 15

It is a hemoglobin that is combined with oxygen that gives color to the arterial blood.

Answer 15

a) Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

Question 16

It is a hemoglobin that is combined with carbon dioxide that gives color to the venous blood.

Answer 16

Reduced Homoglobin (HbCO2)

Question 17

Composition of Blood

Answer 17

45% formed elements or the solid materials consisting chiefly of cells
Liquid Portion – 55% plasma is the fluid or portion of blood where the cells are suspended.

Question 18

Solid portion of blood

Answer 18

1. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
2. White Blood Cells (Leucocytes)
3. Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Question 19

This contains hemoglobin and carry oxygen to various cells in the body. It is circular, biconcave discs or rounded edges.

Answer 19

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Question 20

These are masses of nucleated protoplasm. It defends the body from invading microorganisms. It also fights infection.

Answer 20

White Blood Cells (Leucocytes)

Question 21

Types of Leucocytes

Answer 21

a) Monocytes
b) Lymphocytes
c) Neutrophils
d) Basophils
e) Eosinophils

Question 22

These have a longer lifespan than many white blood cells and help to break down bacteria.

Answer 22

Monocytes

Question 23

These create antibodies to fight against bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful invaders.

Answer 23

Lymphocytes

Question 24

These kill and digest bacteria and fungi. They are the most numerous types of white blood cell and your first line of defense when infection strikes.

Answer 24

Neutrophils

Question 25

These small cells seem to sound an alarm when infectious agents invade your blood. They secrete chemicals such as histamine, a marker of allergic disease, that help control the body's immune response.

Answer 25

Basophils

Question 26

These attack and kill parasites and cancer cells, and help with allergic responses.

Answer 26

Eosinophils

Question 27

Liquid portion is principally composed of:

Answer 27

1. Water (90%) 2. Solid (10%) – largely protein in nature and consist of albumen, several globulins and fibrinogen.

Question 28

Methods of Collecting Blood

Answer 28

1. Capillary Blood Sample 2. Venous Blood Sample 3. Arterial Blood Sample (Venipuncture Method)

Question 29

Skin/finger/ring puncture, arterial blood and small quantity of blood

Answer 29

Capillary Blood Sample

Question 30

Larger volumes of blood and blood taken from the vein

Answer 30

Venous Blood Sample

Question 31

Larger volumes of blood and blood taken from the arteries

Answer 31

Arterial Blood Sample (Venipuncture Method)

Question 32

Puncture sites

Answer 32

a) Ring finger (adult and children); b) Ear lobes (adults); and c) Heal or toe (infants and children) – use of lancet or pricker.

Question 33

Preliminary Test for Blood

Answer 33

1. Benzidine Test 2. Phenolphthalein Test 3. Guaiacum Test 4. Leucomalachite Green Test 5. Luminol Test

Question 34

Positive Result: Intense blue color produced immediately.

Answer 34

Benzidine Test

Question 35

Positive Result: Rose color develops/deep pink/permanganate color.

Answer 35

Phenolphthalein Test

Question 36

Positive Result: Beautiful blue color that appears immediately.

Answer 36

Guaiacum Test

Question 37

Positive Result: Malachite green or bluish green.

Answer 37

Leucomalachite Green Test

Question 38

Positive Result: Luminescence or emission of light.

Answer 38

Luminol Test

Question 39

Confirmatory Test for Blood

Answer 39

1. Microscopic Test for Blood 2. Microchemical Test and Microcrystalline Test for Blood 3. Precipitin Test for Blood

Question 40

Microchemical Test and Microcrystalline Test for Blood

Answer 40

a) The Teicmann Test b) Acetone-Haemin Test c) Haemochromogen Crystal Test of the Takayama Test

Question 41

Methods of Blood Typing

Answer 41

1. Direct or Forward Typing 2. Indirect Blood Typing

Question 42

It uses anti-sera A and B. It came from Lectins.

Answer 42

Direct or Forward Typing

Question 43

This is reverse or backward typing. Principle: blood type of the serum is the opposite of the antigen where agglutination occurs.

Answer 43

Indirect Blood Typing

Question 44

These are plant seed extracts. It is capable of agglutinating A and B antigens.

Answer 44

Lectins