Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cells

A

the smallest unit in which independent life can exist

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2
Q

enzyme

A

any of a great number of working proteins that speed up a specific chemical reaction

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3
Q

fat cells

A

cells that specialize in the storage of fat and form the fat tissue

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4
Q

inborn error of metabolism

A

genetic variation present from birth that may result in disease

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5
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

an inborn error of metabolism that interferes with the body’s handling of the amino acid phenylalanine, with potentially serious consequences to the brain and nervous system in infancy and childhood

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6
Q

tissues

A

systems of cells working together to perform specialized tasks

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7
Q

what are examples of tissues?

A

muscles, nerves, blood, and bone

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8
Q

organs

A

discrete structural units made of tissues that perform specific jobs

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9
Q

what are examples of organs?

A

heart, liver, and brain

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10
Q

body system

A

a group of related organs that work together to perform a function

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11
Q

what are examples of body systems?

A

circulatory, respiratory, and nervous

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12
Q

blood

A

fluid of the cardiovascular system that is composed of water, red and white blood cells, other formed particles, nutrients, oxygen, and other constituents

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13
Q

lymph

A

fluid that moves from the bloodstream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels, which eventually drain back into the bloodstream

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14
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that carry blood with fresh oxygen it has collected from the heart to the tissues

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15
Q

veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood with carbon dioxide it has collected from the tissues back to the heart

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16
Q

capillaries

A

web-like blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and permit transfer of material between blood and tissues

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17
Q

plasma

A

the cell-free fluid part of blood and lymph

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18
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid residing outside the cells that transport materials to and from the cells

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19
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid residing inside the cells that provides the medium for cellular reactions

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20
Q

lungs

A

the body’s organs of gas exchange; blood circulating through the lungs releases its carbon dioxide and picks up fresh oxygen to carry to the tissues

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21
Q

intestine

A

the body’s long, tubular organ of digestion and the site of nutrient absorption

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22
Q

liver

A

a large, lobed organ that lies just under the ribs; filters blood and removes and processes the nutrients, manufactures materials for export to other parts of the body, and destroys toxins or stores them to keep them out of the circulatory system

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23
Q

kidneys

A

pair of organs that filter wastes from the blood, make urine, and release it to the bladder for excretion from the body

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24
Q

what does the cardiovascular system do?

A

ensures that the fluids circulate properly among all tissues

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25
Q

hormones

A

chemicals that are secreted by glands into the blood in response to conditions like the body that requires regulation

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26
Q

what are hormones primary reason?

A

messengers that act on other organs to maintain constant conditions

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27
Q

pancreas

A

endrocrine and exocrine functions; endocrine: making of hormones such as insulin, which releases it right into the blood; exocrine: making of digestive enzymes which releases through a duct into the small intestine to assist with digestion

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28
Q

insulin

A

hormone from the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells from the blood

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29
Q

glucagon

A

hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream

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30
Q

cortex

A

outermost layer of something

31
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of the brain that senses a variety of conditions in the blood and signals other parts of the brain and body to adjust those conditions when necessary

32
Q

what does the hypothalamus sense in the blood?

A

temperature, glucose content, salt content, and others

33
Q

fight or flight reaction

A

body’s instinctive hormone and nerve mediated reaction to danger

34
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that are released at the end of a nerve cell when a nerve impulse arrives there; diffuse across the gap to the next cell and alter the membrane of that second cells to either inhibit or excite it

35
Q

epinephrine

A

major hormone that elicits the stress response

36
Q

norepinephrine

A

a compound related to epinephrine that helps to elicit the stress response

37
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all physical and chemical changes taking place in living cells; includes all reaction by which the body obtains and spends the energy from food

38
Q

what do the nervous and hormonal systems do?

A

regulate body processes, respond to the need for food, govern the act of eating, regulate digestion, and call for the stress response when needed

39
Q

what does a properly functioning immune system enable?

A

the body to resist diseases

40
Q

inflammation

A

immune system’s response to cellular injury characterized by an increase in white blood cells, redness, heat, pain, and swelling

41
Q

lymphocytes

A

system of tissues and organs that defend the body against antigens, foreign material that have penetrated the skin or body linings

42
Q

phagocytes

A

white blood cells that can ingest and destroy antigens

43
Q

t-cells

A

lymphocytes that attack antigens

44
Q

b-cells

A

lymphocytes that produce antibodies

45
Q

what is the digestive tract?

A

a flexible, muscular tube that digests food and absorbs its nutrients and some nonnutrients

46
Q

what are ancillary digestive organs?

A

pancreas and galbladder

47
Q

what do the ancillary digestive organs to?

A

aid in digestion

48
Q

what does mechanical digestion include?

A

chewing, mixing by the stomach, adding fluid, and moving the tract’s contents by peristalsis

49
Q

what happens after digestion and absorption?

A

wastes are excreted

50
Q

what is the order of digestion?

A

mouth, stomach, small intestines

51
Q

what do the mechanical and chemical actions of the digestive tract do?

A

efficiently breakdown foods to nutrients, and large nutrients to their smaller building blocks

52
Q

what do the villi do in regards to absorption?

A

enlarge its surface area to facilitate nutrient absorption

53
Q

what do the kidneys do?

A

adjust the blood’s composition in response to the body’s needs, disposing of everyday wastes and helping to remove toxins

54
Q

does the body store large quantities of fat in fat cells?

A

yes

55
Q

cells are

A

self-contained, living units

56
Q

each gene is a blueprint that directs the production of one or more of the body’s organs

A

false

57
Q

after circulating around the cells of the tissues, all extracellular fluid then

A

returns to the bloodstream

58
Q

blood carries nutrients absorbed from food

A

from the intestines to the liver

59
Q

hormones are

A

chemical messengers that travel from one system of cells to affect another

60
Q

the nervous system sends messages to the glands, telling them what to do

A

true

61
Q

t-cells are immune cells that “read” and “remember” chemical messages to identify future invaders

A

true

62
Q

white blood cells include all except the following

A

antibodies

63
Q

chemical digestion of all nutrients mainly occurs in which organ?

A

small intestine

64
Q

which of the following passes through the large intestine mostly unabsorbed?

A

fiber

65
Q

absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place across the mucus-coated lining of the stomach

A

false

66
Q

which of the following increases the production of intestinal gas?

A

chewing gum, drinking carbonated beverages, and eating or drinking hastily

67
Q

concerning ulcers, all of the following are correct except:

A

they usually occur in the large intestine

68
Q

the kidneys’ working unit are

A

nephrons

69
Q

the bladder straddles the cardiovascular system and filters the blood

A

false

70
Q

the body’s stores of ____ can sustain cellular activities when the intervals between meals become long

A

fat

71
Q

the body’s adipose tissue’s capacity to store fats is virtually infinite.

A

true

72
Q

a drinker may delay intoxication somewhat by

A

eating plenty of snacks

73
Q

alcohol is a natural substance and therefore does no real damage to body tissues

A

false