Chapter 3 Flashcards
cells
the smallest unit in which independent life can exist
enzyme
any of a great number of working proteins that speed up a specific chemical reaction
fat cells
cells that specialize in the storage of fat and form the fat tissue
inborn error of metabolism
genetic variation present from birth that may result in disease
phenylketonuria (PKU)
an inborn error of metabolism that interferes with the body’s handling of the amino acid phenylalanine, with potentially serious consequences to the brain and nervous system in infancy and childhood
tissues
systems of cells working together to perform specialized tasks
what are examples of tissues?
muscles, nerves, blood, and bone
organs
discrete structural units made of tissues that perform specific jobs
what are examples of organs?
heart, liver, and brain
body system
a group of related organs that work together to perform a function
what are examples of body systems?
circulatory, respiratory, and nervous
blood
fluid of the cardiovascular system that is composed of water, red and white blood cells, other formed particles, nutrients, oxygen, and other constituents
lymph
fluid that moves from the bloodstream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels, which eventually drain back into the bloodstream
arteries
blood vessels that carry blood with fresh oxygen it has collected from the heart to the tissues
veins
blood vessels that carry blood with carbon dioxide it has collected from the tissues back to the heart
capillaries
web-like blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and permit transfer of material between blood and tissues
plasma
the cell-free fluid part of blood and lymph
extracellular fluid
fluid residing outside the cells that transport materials to and from the cells
intracellular fluid
fluid residing inside the cells that provides the medium for cellular reactions
lungs
the body’s organs of gas exchange; blood circulating through the lungs releases its carbon dioxide and picks up fresh oxygen to carry to the tissues
intestine
the body’s long, tubular organ of digestion and the site of nutrient absorption
liver
a large, lobed organ that lies just under the ribs; filters blood and removes and processes the nutrients, manufactures materials for export to other parts of the body, and destroys toxins or stores them to keep them out of the circulatory system
kidneys
pair of organs that filter wastes from the blood, make urine, and release it to the bladder for excretion from the body
what does the cardiovascular system do?
ensures that the fluids circulate properly among all tissues
hormones
chemicals that are secreted by glands into the blood in response to conditions like the body that requires regulation
what are hormones primary reason?
messengers that act on other organs to maintain constant conditions
pancreas
endrocrine and exocrine functions; endocrine: making of hormones such as insulin, which releases it right into the blood; exocrine: making of digestive enzymes which releases through a duct into the small intestine to assist with digestion
insulin
hormone from the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells from the blood
glucagon
hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream