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chapter 3-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Illinois and Michigan Canal

A

Connected Chicago to Illinois River 60 miles southwest. From there, river transport to Mississippi.

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2
Q

The first female lawyer in the state of Illinois was named..

A

Myra Bradwell

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3
Q

His mechanical reaper revolutionized the grain trade.

A

Cyrus McCormick

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4
Q

His famous maxims were “the customer is always right” and “give the lady what she wants”.

A

Marshall Field

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5
Q

He was known for “using everything but the squeal”

A

Phillip Armour

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6
Q

He was known as a “friend to the farmer” by being the first to cut out the predatory middlemen.

A

A. Montgomery Ward

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7
Q

First mayor of Chicago, big proponent of building railroads to the city.

A

William B. Ogden

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8
Q

He was the head football coach at the University of Chicago for 41 years, turning it into a national football powerhouse.

A

C. Amos Alonzo Stagg

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9
Q

He was a conservative evangelical Christian minister who brought athleticism to his sermons.

A

Billy Sunday

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10
Q

The Lager Beer Riot happened because of this Know-Nothing mayor of Chicago

A

Levi D. Boone

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11
Q

The immigration and vice debate was too much for this mayor, who left office before the end of his term and fled to Europe.

A

Joseph Medill

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12
Q

This mayor’s inaugural parade included prostitutes riding in open carriages.

A

Thomas Dyer

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13
Q

n Sister Carrie, he portrayed Chicago as a place that corrupts even the most innocent.

A

Theodore Dreiser

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14
Q

His invention enabled meatpackers to transport their processed meats to population centers in the Northeast.

A

Gustavus Swift

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15
Q

He recognized the key to Chicago politics - pleasing all of the city’s various ethnic groups.

A

Victor Lawson

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16
Q

This Methodist minister had controversial ideas about religion and the Bible that were too liberal for many Chicagoans.

A

. Hiram Thomas

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17
Q

What was the advantage of corn?

A

Corn could be eaten as a meal and it was easy to store.

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18
Q

what was the Disadvantage about corn?

A

corn sold for a low price

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19
Q

What was the advantage of grain

A

Wheat was always in demand which resulted in high prices

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20
Q

What was the disadvantages of grain

A

wheat was hard to harvest, spoiled easily, and didn’t store well.

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21
Q

What year was the mechanical reaper produced

A

In 1847

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22
Q

Who created the mechanical reaper?

A

Cyrus McCormick

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23
Q

How did Cyrus McCormick sell his product? What was his promise/ guarantee?

A

the reaper could be bought with a down payment of $900 and then balanced out after the harvest. McCormick also promised a refund if the reaper ever broke or failed to do what he said it could. It soon became very popular, with lots of farmers buying it and growing more wheat.

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24
Q

How much was the starting cost of the mechanical reaper? What was the end or later cost?

A

$125 — worth $3,800 today. The farmer could deposit $35, plus freight, with the balance due after the next harvest was paid.

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25
Q

How did farmers take advantage of the mechanical reaper

A

The mechanical reaper. It harvested wheat quickly, resulting in less wheat spoilage so farmers could sell more.

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26
Q

What inventions were created to help with grain production?

A

The steam-powered grain elevator came out in the 1850s. The elevator could quickly unload train cars of grain and required only one person to operate. It could also move the grain into warehouses and put it on ships and trains going to other cities. Transporting grain became cheaper and easier to do and when

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27
Q

What was the steam powered grain elevator?

A

he elevator could unload train cars of grain quickly and it required only one person to operate

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28
Q

What was the sole purpose of the Chicago Board of Trade? What did they do for the wheat industry?

A

The Chicago Board of Trade also emerged around this time. They had farmers deliver grain to a depot where it was examined by quality and type and then given a grade. The farmer would be given a receipt and the grain would be combined with others of the same grade and then sold.

29
Q

Illinois & Michigan Canal

A

The Illinois and Michigan Canal is a 96 mile long canal that connects the Illinois river to the south branch of the Chicago river. This would enable large ships to sail directly from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. The canal started in Chicago and would lead to Chicago being a major city.

30
Q

Mud

A

Chicago was very, VERY, muddy. Chicago was still as swampy in the 1840s as it had been in 1640. Known as a “vast mud puddle”. The mud made it hard for people to go places and for farmers to bring crops to Chicago. The mud also made it hard for Chicago to build a sewage system.

31
Q

Raising of Chicago

A

Chicago was raised to deal with sewage because they couldn’t dig into the swamp. Beginning in 1849, people started using mechanical jacks to raise their homes and stores from 4 ft to 14 ft above ground level. The space created under buildings was for drains.

32
Q

Irish immigrants

A

rish immigrants came to the U.S. because of the Irish Potato Famine. Many came to Chicago and worked on the canal that tremendously helped Chicago’s economy in the 1800s. Irish immigrants were the most discriminated against in Chicago. Most settled in Bridgeport.

33
Q

German Immigrants

A

Unlike Irish immigrants, German immigrants CHOSE to move to Chicago. Most were educated and skilled workers that were proud of their heritage. Not nearly discriminated against as much as Irish immigrants were.

34
Q

Temperance Movement

A

A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. To be drunk or be intoxicated, was seen as disgraceful (even though ironically, Chicago was built on alcohol). This was a popular movement in Chicago against immigrants (Irish and German especially). The anti-immigrant sentiment was rising so the best way to target immigrants (without literally removing them) was to target something they loved to do… drink. Conservatives hoped this would drive some out of the city.

35
Q

Chicago’s Anti slavery society

A

Many Chicagoans were against slavery. They started meeting after Elijah LOvejoy was murdered in Alton, Illinois. Secret Abolitionist meetings evolved into the Chicago Anti-Slavery Society in 1840. It was run by three white Chicagoans. 1. Dr. Charles Volney Dryer, one of the earliest medical doctors in the city. 2. Philo Carpenter, one of the city’s first druggists; and 3. Flavel Bascome, the First Prebyterian Church’s Reverend,

36
Q

Describe the Illinois & Michigan Canal . Why was it built? What impact did it have on Chicago’s settlemin

A

The Illinois and Michigan Canal is a 96 mile long canal that connects the Illinois river to the south branch of the Chicago river. This would enable large ships to sail directly from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi.

37
Q

Describe the Illinois & Michigan Canal . Why was it built? What impact did it have on Chicago’s settlemin

A

The Illinois and Michigan Canal is a 96 mile long canal that connects the Illinois river to the south branch of the Chicago river. This would enable large ships to sail directly from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi.

38
Q

What impact did the “frenzy of land speculation” have on Chicago land prices? In your opinion, was this a good or a bad thing for the development of Chicago? Explain.

A

People would buy land at very low prices and then they could sell them at very high prices. Swift Walker bought land for $80 and then sold it for $80,000. People were crazy about buying land. At the time, it was a good thing because it made a lot of people money and lots of people moved to Chicago.

39
Q

What impact did the Panic of 1837 and economic depression of 1839 to 1842 have on Chicago land prices? In your opinion, was this a good or a bad thing for the development of Chicago? Explain.

A

The Panic of 1837 is when President Andrew Jackson said people could not buy land with credit. They had to buy with actual money. People didn’t have enough to buy land so the land prices plummeted. This was followed by depression. I think that this was a good thing because it gave Ogden a chance to build things in Chicago and make it a great city.

40
Q

Who was William B. Ogden? Why did he come to Chicago? How is the quote “He built and owns Chicago” accurate. Be specific.

A

Ogden arrived in Chicago from NY in 1835 to oversee his brother-in-law’s land investments in Chicago. He was elected the town’s first mayor in 1837. The city’s “hibernation” or when the land bubble burst was saved through Ogden’s optimism. He had faith in Chicago when others didn’t. He contributed greatly to Chicago’s prosperity, and his hand was found in almost every innovation and improvement such as bridges, parks, streets, clean drinking water, sewage system, etc. The quote “He built and owns Chicago” is accurate because he bought the red light in Chicago so he owned a lot of land. He also built a lot of things in Chicago like the first swing bridge that spanned the Chicago river, city streets, and parks.

41
Q

Why was Chicago so muddy? Was this a problem? Why or Why not?

A

Chicago was very, VERY, muddy. Chicago was still as swampy in the 1840s as it had been in 1640. It was known as a “vast mud puddle”. This was a problem because people couldn’t buy essentials and go places. The mud made it hard for people to go places. The mud also made it hard for Chicago to build a sewage system.

42
Q

How did Chicago solve the mud problem? Explain what they did, how they did it, and why.

A

Chicago solved the mud problem by raising houses off of the ground to build a sewage system. Because of the swamp and the mud, please couldn’t dig into the swamp and build a sewage system. Beginning in 1849, people started using mechanical jacks to raise their homes and stores from 4 ft to 14 ft above ground level. The space created under buildings was for drains.
People also would sink in the mud when on the streets. To solve this problem, they put wooden plank sidewalks and the streets. This didn’t work very well because wood would float on top of the mud.

43
Q

What two immigrant groups first came to Chicago? Why did they leave their respective homelands? Why did they come here?

A

The two immigrant groups that came to Chicago were the Irish and the Germans.
IRISH - The Irish came to the U.S. because of the Irish Potato Famine. THe Irish came here to work on the canal. Irish immigrants were the most discriminated against in Chicago. Most of the Irish settled in Bridgeport.
GERMANS - Unlike Irish immigrants, German immigrants CHOSE to move to Chicago. Most were educated and skilled workers that were proud of their heritage. Not nearly discriminated against as much as Irish immigrants were.
Alcohol - Many Chicagoans were involved in a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. To be drunk or to be intoxicated, was seen as disgraceful (even though ironically, Chicago was built on alcohol).

Immigrants - This was a popular movement in Chicago against immigrants (Irish and German especially). The anti-immigrant sentiment was rising so the best way to target immigrants (without literally removing them) was to target something they loved to do… drink. Conservatives hoped this would drive some out of the city.

Slavery - Many Chicagoans were against slavery. They started meeting after Elijah LOvejoy was murdered in Alton, Illinois. Secret Abolitionist meetings evolved into the Chicago Anti-Slavery Society in 1840. It was run by three white Chicagoans. 1. Dr. Charles Volney Dryer, one of the earliest medical doctors in the city. 2. Philo Carpenter, one of the city’s first druggists; and 3. Flavel Bascome, the First Prebyterian Church’s Reverend. Some Chicagoans were involved in the Underground Railroad. When the government created the Fugitive Slave Law, Chicago decided that the police would not obey the law.

44
Q

What was the transportation problem between Chicago and the rest of northern Illinois? What effect did this problem have on Chicago’s economy

A

The transportation problem between Chicago and the rest of northern Illinois was that the roads were so muddy that the farms had a hard time getting into Chicago to sell their crops. This hurt the Chicago economy because they couldn’t get enough food to support the people living in Chicago. This meant that Chicago couldn’t turn into a big city

45
Q

What were some of the things lumber was used for in the mid 1800s?

A

Construction, housing, fuels, railroads

46
Q

Where did Chicago’s lumber supply come from? Why couldn’t it be locally sourced?

A

Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota were Chicago’s main sources. Because there were many prairies, trees were rare.

47
Q

What was the most popular kind of tree to use in lumber production? Why?

A

: White pine, because it floated and was visually appealing

48
Q

When did farmers benefit from the lumber business the most

A

The winter

49
Q

Why was it easier to harvest lumber in the winter?

A

Because the mud in the forests was frozen during the winter

50
Q

What brought the lumber business away from Chicago?

A

The construction of railroads closer to logging camps

51
Q

What two kinds of trees replaced white pine?

A

Yellow pine and Douglas fir

52
Q

What made lumber trade easier

A

The construction of the canal and railroads

53
Q

hat event brought about the fall of the lumber business? When was this event?

A

he Chicago Fire in 1871

54
Q

What made Chicago a useful source to the Union Army during the Civil War?

A

Chicago’s new railroad industry

55
Q

What was Chicago often referred to by 1862?

A

Porkopolis

56
Q

What association planned to rebuild Chicago’s Stockyards?

A

About how many hogs were killed each day?
-13k

56
Q

What association planned to rebuild Chicago’s Stockyards?

A

About how many hogs were killed each day?
-13k

57
Q

What association planned to rebuild Chicago’s Stockyards?

A

About how many hogs were killed each day?
-13k

58
Q

-13Why was Chicago’s meat packing industry so unique?

A

-it turned the process of killing animals into a highly rational business.

59
Q

Who invented the refrigerated train car?

A

Gustavus F. Swift

60
Q

What technique did the employees in the Union Stockyard use to kill the animals?

A

-An assembly line

61
Q

About how many hogs were killed each day?

A

13k

62
Q

How was life for employees for stockyard workers?

A

-Poor due to long hours, poor housing, and unsafe working conditions

63
Q

What caused the Union Stockyard to close in 1971

A

Refrigerated trucks and train cars

64
Q

What did Middlemen do to farmers? Were the farmers happy?

A

Middlemen bought consumer goods from merchants in the city at cheap prices, then took those products to the farmers and sold them for high prices. The farmers were unhappy and even protested against the middlemen

65
Q

Who and what did Aaron Montgomery Ward do

A

Aaron Montogomery Ward started a catalog with various items targeting these farmers who were upset and unhappy with the middlemen. He started the Montgomery Ward Company and created a massive catalog with over 500 pages

66
Q

How many customers did the Montgomery Ward company have in the 1880’s

A

2 millions customers

67
Q

How was the Sears and Roebuck catalog different from Montgomery Wards catalog?

A

he Sears and Roebuck catalog had specific advertisements that convinced buyers why they need the product and how products from their catalog can benefit them.

chapter 3-5 (1 decks)

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