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History Sec 4 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Cold War? How long did it last? /2

A

A political and ideological stand off/feud between the USA and the USSR (Soviet Union )

From 1946-1990

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2
Q

What disagreement did the USA and USSR share? /2

CAUSE

A

Both believe their model of society is best

Capitalist vs. Communist

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3
Q

How did the USA and the USSR fight each other? /2

A

NOT DIRECTLY: no physical war against each other

Fought through proxy wared

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4
Q

What are proxy wars? /2

EFFECT

A

Wars where the USA and USSR support a side that represents their world view (model of society).

Supported by giving economic and military strength

Ex. Vietnam War, Korean War

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5
Q

What was the purpose of the Cold War?

CAUSE

A

Both the USA and the USSR trying to impose their influence/control on the world

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6
Q

How did the Cold War impact Canada?

EFFECT

A

Québec iron was in high demand

Increase in exports

Why?

  • To build military weapons and nuclear weapons for the USA
  • To reconstruct European cities that were demolished due to WWII
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7
Q

What are the consequences in Québec due to the Cold War? /5

CONSEQUENCE

A

New cities are built

New railway built to Gagnon

American investment in Canada increases

Increased exploitation of Canadians natural resources (ores & metals)

Development of regions:

  • Côte-Nord
  • Nouveau Québec
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8
Q

What is Keynesian economics?

A

Federal government intervention in a country’s economic affairs

Since 1930s = Great Depression

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9
Q

How does Federal government intervention increase in the economy?

EFFECT

A

The Canadian government passed a legislation that only the federal government can collect/levy income tax

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10
Q

Why does federal government intervention increase in the economy?

CAUSE

A

He federal government needs to pay for war effort

I.e War effort = Victory Bonds

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11
Q

What consequences come from the economic intervention of the federal government? /2

A

Due to the legislation imposed that only the federal government can collect income tax…

Certain provinces do not support the legislation because it threatens their jurisdiction

Takes away the power the provinces were guaranteed under the BNA Act in 1867

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12
Q

What is a jurisdiction? /2

A

Official power to make legal decisions and judgments

Power/authority over an area

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13
Q

What did the government give to those who agreed to their new legislation of income tax? /2

A

The provinces that agreed received subsidies

Shared the costs (income tax collected) with the federal government

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14
Q

What are subsidies?

A

A sum of money granted by the government

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15
Q

Who is Maurice Duplessis? /10

A

The premier of Quebec between 1936-1939 and 1944-1959

La Grande Noiceur

Head of the Union Nationale Party

A conservative and traditionalist

CLERICALISM

Strongly ANTI-UNION

Introduced the Rural electrification program

Refused subsidies from the federal government

Had a close relationship with the church

Supported decentralization

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16
Q

What did Duplessis do to increase Quebec’s autonomy? /4

IMPORTANT

A

Introduced the fleurdelisé

Re-introduced provincial income tax in 1954

Rejected federal government involvement (jurisdiction)

Rejected federal subsidies to Québec universities

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17
Q

What was economic development under Duplessis rule as premier? /2

A

Based off economic liberalism

American businesses taking over Quebec’s economy

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18
Q

What is economic liberalism? /4

A

Economic theory that defends liberal practices (free trade)

Little government intervention in the economy

Private owners drive economic development

Freedom of action for business people

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19
Q

What is the relationship between Duplessis and American businesses? /2

A

Duplessis exploited American businesses by
charging them access to Quebec’s resources

Attracted American businesses with low fees and taxes on mining resources

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20
Q

What was Duplessis hoping to gain from giving American businesses access to Québec? /2

A

Quebec’s economy would benefit from the high demand for raw materials

Create more jobs

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21
Q

Why did Duplessis modernize agriculture? /4

A

He was a conservative and traditionalist

Concerned about Quebec’s rural economy and population

Believed the Province should be able to depend on its agricultural sector for this development

Placed importance on rural life

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22
Q

How did Duplessis modernize agriculture in Québec? What effect did it have? /2(4)

A

His government adopted the ACT TO PROMOTE RURAL ELECTRIFICATION

Over 90% of farms had electricity in 1959
|-> farms with electricity produced more
|-> less labour is required

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23
Q

What is clericalism?

IMPORTANT

A

An ideology that supports the involvement of the clergy in politics

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24
Q

How was education under Duplessis rule as premier? /3

A

Duplessis built the schools, BUT..
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH RAN THE SCHOOLS

Schools were run with the help of government subsidies

Most schools only had one classroom composed of children from 5-18 y/o

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25
Why did the Union Nationale and the Catholic Church have a supportive relationship?
Both are: Conservative Traditionalists The Union Nationals party favoured clericalism
26
What issues came with the church teaching education? /4(5)
Has issues teaching due to small staff and shortage in financial resources Children were not being taught proper education (math & science) |-> only being taught what was needed (cleaning, making meals, making clothes, farming) Educational services were lacking by the late 1950s Schooling among Francophones was lower than that of Anglophones
27
How was healthcare under Duplessis rule and premier? /4
Duplessis built hospitals, BUT... THE CATHOLIC CHURCH RAN THE HOSPITALS Hospitals were run/built with the help of government subsidies A health insurance program was never established Not everyone has access to health care since it was unaffordable
28
What institution oversaw most of Quebec's education and health services under Duplessis rule as premier?
The Catholic Church
29
According to Duplessis, who should be primarily responsible for the province’s industrial development?
Rural populations
30
What Québec regions benefited the most from American investment in the exploitation of natural resources? /2
Côté-Nord Nouveau Québec
31
What economic sector were Duplessis measures designed to modernize?
Agriculture
32
Which interest group had conflicting relations with Duplessis' government
UNIONS
33
Why was there opposition between unions and Duplessis' government?
Duplessis was notoriously ANTI-UNION Ex. Asbestos Strike, Murdochville, Padlock Act of 1937
34
Who else opposed Duplessis ' government? Why? /2
Many artists and intellectuals They supported secularism
35
What is secularism? /2
An ideology based on the separation of church and federal government The authority of the church is limited to the religious sphere
36
What is the Refus Global? /2
Publicly protest against social conservatism of the Duplessis government and a Catholic Church A public declaration written by artists that oppose the church’s control over the Province
37
What is the birth rate increase after WWII called? Post WWII demographics
The baby boom (1946-1960)
38
What consequences emerged in the 1950-1960s due to the Baby boom? /4
Cities become overcrowded Urban sprawl occurs Young families need more space People move to the suburbs
39
What is the Baby Boom?
Dramatic and rapid increase in the birth rate
40
What province joined the Canadian confederation in 1949?
Newfoundland and Labrador
41
What is urban sprawl?
the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.
42
What continuity can you identify regarding the emerging of consumption? IMPORTANT
Consumption emerges during post-wars Ex. WWI= Roaring 20s, WWII= consumer society
43
What led to mass consumption in the late 1940s? /6
Wages increased Influence of American society Many goods became affordable Growing variety of goods became available Development of leisure society Rapid increase in advertising (American influence)
44
What are the consequences of the consumer society? /7
Mass consumption emerges People working decreases Time devoted to leisure increases People had the ability to purchase most of the goods they needed Credit became more accessible Advertising became popular Exposed to American culture
45
How did advertising play a role in mass consumption? Relationship between advertising and consumer society
By encouraging consumers to buy products further increasing consumption
46
Identify the continuity regarding immigration to Canada between WWII and WWII? /2
Discrimination between blacks, asians and LGBT immigrants persists Canada's immigration Act of 1952 still favours immigrants from Western Europe and the USA
47
Why did immigration to Canada increase after 1945?
Due to the demolition of European cities caused by WWII
48
Who did Canada's immigration act discriminate in 1952? /3
Mental disabilities Physical disabilities Homosexuals
49
What is the Quiet Revolution? /15
1960-1970 Jean Lesage is premier Affirm Québécois identity Predominance of the French language Economic nationalism UNIONS SECULARISM People start calling themselves Québécois State intervention increases Working conditions improve Introduction of birth control pills Main immigration wave Expo 67’ Retaking control of the province's economy from American businesses Welfare state
50
Who is Jean Lesage? /3
Premier of Quebec between 1960-1966 Wanted to modernize Québec FURTHER Increases state intervention
51
What is welfare state? /2
A state that intervened socially and Econ Objective of improving the well-being of the entire population
52
What is welfare?
Money given to someone to meet their basic needs
53
What is anti-welfare?
Social benefits given by the government, BUT... HIGH TAXES pay for those benefits
54
Identify a change regarding education and healthcare between La Grande Noirceur and the Quiet Revolution? /2
The federal government takes over education and healthcare from the Catholic Church The Catholic church's influence in the government decreases
55
How was education under Jean Lesage's rule as premier? /9
Parent Commission established to study education in Quebec Math and Science are now taught in school Free public education for all children regardless of social class CEGEPS are introduced in 1967 SECULARIZATION of education Comprehensive high school are stablished Co-education to promote girls’ education Department of Education created in 1964 Children must attend school until the age of 15 y/o, then they can drop out
56
What is secularization?
The process of removing religious influence from institutions
57
What role did the Lesage government wan the state to play?
Education Healthcare
58
What was the consequences of the Lesage government's secularization of social services?
The church’s influence in the government decreases
59
What important measure did Lesage's government implement in 1964 to modernize the Quebec education system?
Department of Education
60
How was healthcare under Jean Lesage's rule as premier? /3
Wanted health care to be more accessible to all citizens Set up a hospital insurance program in 1961 Administered board doctors
61
What is the hospital insurance program in 1961?
Québec ère can be hospitalized at no cost
62
What is the pension plan of the Quiet Revolution? /4(6)
Collect a percentage of the wages of all workers |-> contribute to their pension while working Upon retirement, the pension gains value over the years State pension cheque’s every month |-> when you die, you lose your pension Manage pension money using the Caisse de Dépôt et de Placement du Québec (CDPQ)
63
What is economic nationalism? /2
ideology that favors state interventionism over other market mechanisms State becomes the driving force of economic development
64
How does economic nationalism affect Quebec? /6
State wants control of exploitation of Quebec's natural resources Hydroelectricity becomes government owned State founds Crown corporations Hydroelectricity is nationalized in 1962 Encourages Francophone entrepreneurs and investors to play a more active role in the business world The construction of the metro!
65
Why was Hydroelectricity nationalized? /2
To ensure a more reliable supply of electricity to remote regions Maximize profits from the production of electricity
66
What are the consequences from nationalizing hydroelectricity?
Québec government undertook the construction of a number of large dams to harness the potential of hydroelectricity
67
What are foreign relations?
Relations with foreign countries
68
Why was foreign relations established in the 1960s? /2
The Québec government placed greater importance on its relations with foreign countries. Established relations with Francophone countries in order to increase the number of Francophone immigrants to Québec
69
How did modernization increase in the state? /3
Many civil servants were hired in government departments and crown corporations to provide public services Hiring of academics and professionals to the standard of quality in civil services New labour code adopted in 1964
70
What is the New Labour Code of 1964?
Allows civil servants the right to unionize
71
When were CEGEPS first opened?
In 1967
72
What are the consequences of the Quiet Revolution? /4
A more education population Unionization rage among state employees increases immensely Increase involvement of Francophones in businesses Greater openness to the world
73
How was the population more educated? /2
Increased schooling, particularly among Francophones More pronounced education for women
74
How has the involvement of Francophones in business increase? /2
The creation of many small/medium-sized enterprises Led by Francophones entrepreneurs
75
How did Québec have a greater openness to the world? /2
Quebecers traveled abroad more often EXPO 67’
76
What is Expo 67’? /3
A world fair Allowed Quebecers a chance to discover the culture and identity of many countries Allowed foreigners to discover Québec and Canada
77
What is Québec neo-nationalism? /3
Stronger than traditional nationalism Majority of Quebec Francophones shared a stronger sense of belonging to the Quebec territory. Redefined identity by calling themselves “Quebecois” instead of French Canadian
78
What are consequences from the rise of Québec neo-nationalism? /2
Some quebecois believed Québec should separate from Canada The rise of a sovereignist movement in Québec The birth of 2 new political parties: FLQ Parti Quebecois
79
What is the Parti Quebecois? /3
Founded by René Lévesque One of the first separatist groups Supported Québec becoming a sovereignty country
80
What is the FLQ? /5
One of the first separatists groups Supported Québec becoming a sovereignty country Stands for Front de Liberation du Québec Cause of the October Crisis 1970 Terrorist group
81
What is the October Crisis? /6
FLQ kidnappes James Cross and Pierre Laporte FLQ uses violence (kidnapping, bombing, etc) to gain power FLQ manifesto (list of demands) references the War of 1837-1838 = Patriote=Rebellions Pierre Trudeau invokes the war measure act In the end, the kidnappers are arrested and the FLQ loses the election Laporte is found dead
82
What is the war measures act? /3
Invoked by Pierre Trudeau during the October Crisis in 1970 Allows the army/police to arrest and search people,without a warrant Close to 250 people are arrested
83
What did the FLQ and the Parti Quebecois disagree on? /3
Disagree on how one is to gain power FLQ: violence Parti Québécois: democracy & politics
84
What is Bill 101? /2
Designed by the Parti Quebecois in 1977 Designed to protect and promote the use of the French language
85
Why was Bill 101 created? /2
Immigrants are coming to Canada Immigrants are choosing English schools fro their children
86
Did anyone expect the Parti Quebecois to win the 1976 election?
NOPE.
87
What is the relationship between the state and Québec?
The federal government is worried about growing nationalism (Québec neo-nationalism) in Québec
88
What is the cause and effect of the relationship between Ottawa and Québec? /2(3)
Cause: Determined inequalities between Anglophone and Francophones (Reported by the Commission) Affect: Prime Minister Trudeau passes the Official Languages Act |-> makes English and French two official languages in Canada (1969)
89
Why does birth rate fall in the early 1960s? /3(4)
The Catholic Church’s influence decreasing Women are carrying out their education and their careers |->able to carry out transactions Birth control pills are introduced
90
What is the consequence of the falling birth rate in the early 1960s?
Child-bearing years decrease
91
What is the Act on Legal Status of Women in 1964? /3
Gives women legal status Women can sign legal documents WITHOUT their husbands WOMEN INDEPENDANCE INCREASES!!!
92
What is the cause and effect of feminist demands in the 1970s? /2(5)
Cause: Women still face many injustices regarding the same rights as men (reported by the Royal Commission) Effect: - Pay equity (equal pay for the same amount of work) - Right/access to abortion - Maternity leave - Child servies (daycare)
93
Identify a change in the presence fo women in the workforce acte the 1950s?
Women's participation in the workforce increases
94
Who is Robert Bourassa? /6
Leader of the Parti Libéral Premier of Québec from 1970-1976 Imposed the Health insurance act CLSC Charter of Human rights and Freedoms Ore hydroelectricity development
95
What is the Health Insurance Act of 1970? /3
All Quebecers can now access medical services CLSC Medicare card is introduced
96
How is labour under Bourassa's rule as premier? /6
Unions take more social and political action Strikes are common in public sectors Common Front (1972)- employees are ordered back to work Workers demand fairer distribution of wealth and equality Government workers can now unionize Can not try to unionize the government
97
Indicate a change between immigration policies between Lévesque time as premier and that of Duplessis? /2
Immigration applications are now MERIT-BASED Immigration policy is no longer racist/as discriminatory
98
What does merit-based mean? /6
Language Work experience Éducation Family/ Dependence Skills Âge
99
What are corruption reforms? How? /4(6)
A continuity Using their power to benefit themselves through the use of others How? (Patronage) 1. Money from a company given to a political party 2. That party wins the elections 3. The party returns the favour and gives special treatment to the company (I.e contracts) Ends in 1977
100
What is the Pacific Scandal? /2
John A. MacDonald asks for extra cash (bribed) from a construction company John A. MacDonald loses the following election
101
What are anti-corruption reforms? /4
A change Lévesque introduces a bill that limits donations to parties Companies can no longer donate to a political party Individuals can only donate (max. $3000)
102
How was agriculture under Lévesque's rule in the 1970s? /4
Growing outcry due to urban sprawl Increase of urban sprawl in the Saint-Laurent lowlands (problem) Decrease of farm land in the Saint-Laurent lowlands (problem) The Act of Respecting the Preservation of Agricultural land is established (solution)
103
What is the Saint-Laurent lowlands? /2
Most fertile lands in Québec Where most cities are found
104
How did labour CHANGE under Lévesque's rule as premier in the 1970s? /3
Unions tend to support Parti Quebecois Rand formula is adopted in 1977 Act Respecting Labour Standards adopted in 1980
105
What is the Rand Formula pf 1977?
Employers are required to collect sums paid by union members from employee wages and give them to the union.
106
What is the Act Respecting Labour Standards of 1980? /2
Established rules and conditions ALL EMPLOYERS MUST RESPECT Maternity leave is introduced

History Sec 4 (4 decks)

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