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Physiology > Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Genetic Control > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Genetic Control Flashcards

1
Q

Glycocalyx

A

System of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides attached to the outer plasma membrane
- function in protection, membrane shape, antigens, regulation, signal transmission

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1
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Proteins and phospholipids are not trapped in the membrane, but constantly move laterally

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2
Q

Cholesterol

A

Lipid
- gives flexibility to the membrane

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3
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Bulk transport of large extracellular substances INTO the cell via pseudopods and formation of food vacuoles
- “cell eating”

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4
Q

Lysosome

A

Fuse with food vacuoles and digest molecules

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5
Q

Endocytosis

A

Bringing large materials INTO the cell via furrowing of cell membrane and pinching off into vesicles

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6
Q

Pinocytosis

A

nonspecific endocytosis

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7
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

specific
- uses receptor proteins to bind to substance
- ie. AIDS virus, Hepatitis virus, cholesterol

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8
Q

Exocytosis

A

Large cellular products move OUT of the cell
- packaged by Golgi Apparatus into vesicles that fuse to the PM and spill out
- ie. Neurotransmitters

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9
Q

Cilia

A

tiny hairlike structures composed of pairs of microtubules projecting from the PM

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10
Q

Primary Cilia

A

nonmotile cilium with 9+0 structure
- sensing of fluid movement

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11
Q

Motile Cilium

A

beat in unison to move substances through hollow organs
- 9+2 structure
- respiratory and uterine tracts

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12
Q

Flagellum

A

single whip-like structure that propels a cell forward, composed of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
- ie. sperm

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13
Q

Microvilli

A

folds in the PM that increase surface area for chemical rxns and rapid diffusion
- ie. intestines and kidney tubules

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14
Q

Inclusions

A

Stored chemical aggregates:
- glycogen granules
- melanin granules
- triglycerides

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15
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

system of microtubules and microfilaments throughout cytoplasm
- organize intracellular environment
- allow for movement of muscle cells and phagocytic cells

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16
Q

Primary Lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzymes
more acidic than surrounding cytoplasm

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17
Q

Secondary Lysosomes

A

contains partially digested contents of food vacuoles or worn out organelles

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18
Q

Autophagy

A

process of digesting viruses, worn-out or damaged organelles and proteins

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19
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
- lysosomes spill out contents and kill the cell

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20
Q

Peroxisomes

A

contain enzymes specific to oxidative rxns (oxidases)
- for metabolism of animo acids and lipids

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21
Q

Catalase

A

converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

sites of energy production via aerobic cell respiration

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23
Q

Cristae

A

folded inner membrane of mitochondria to increase surface area for rxns

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24
Matrix
central area of mitochondria filled with fluid
25
Ribosomes
protein factories of the cell, very small (2 subunits of rRNA + protein) - free in cytoplasm or associated with the rough ER
26
Rough ER
site of protein synthesis (has ribosomes embedded on outer surface)
27
Smooth ER
many functions depending on the cell
28
Golgi Apparatus
stacks of hollow flattened sacs + cavities (cisternae) - receives proteins from ER and package into vesicles ("endosomes") to bud off and be exocyted or become lysosomes
29
Nucleoli
contain the DNA that codes for rRNA production
30
Genome
ALL the genes in a particular individual or ALL the genes of a particular species
31
Proteome
all the proteins that are produces from the genome (>100,000 in humans)
32
Chromatin
packaged DNA in the nucleus (by histones)
33
Histones
positively charged molecules, react with the negatively charged DNA causing spooling
34
Introns
portions of the gene that do not code for proteins - spliced out - "INTRuding"
35
Exons
portions of the gene that are kept - "EXpressed"
36
CRISPR-Cas9
Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats - unique sequence of bacterial DNA, on either side of target gene of interest - uses Cas9 nuclease enzyme to cut DNA to the specific gene - removes specific gene
37
Proteases
in the lysosomes to digest proteins
38
Ubiquitin
tag molecules attached to proteins outside of lysosomes to mark for degradation by proteases
39
Interphase
phase of RNA synthesis - divided into G1, S, and G2 phases
40
G1 phase
cell is performing functions characteristic of cells in that tissue - centrioles replicate
41
S phase
if cell is going to divide = it performs DNA replication
42
G2 phase
Final growth and activity before mitosis - chromosomes start to condense
43
Necrosis
cells die pathologically due to deprivation of blood supply
44
Extrinsic apoptosis
"death ligands" attach to the cell and mark it for destruction
45
Intrinsic apoptosis
intercellular signals trigger death due to DNA damage, cancer, infection, or oxidative stress
46
p53
transcription factor that can stall a gene @ the G1/S checkpoint -> either repair DNA damage or promote apoptosis - tumor suppressor gene
47
Prophase
chromosomes become visible nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear centrioles move apart spindle fibers form
48
Metaphase
chromosome line up at the center of the cell and have attached to spindle fibers
49
Anaphase
centromeres split as the spindle fibers shorten and pull chromatids to opposite sides
50
Telophase
cytoplasm is divided and cells separate (cytokinesis) new nuclear membrane forms nucleolus appears chromosomes lengthen
51
Centrosome
near the nucleus of a nondividing cell 2 centrioles spindle fibers form from the pericentriolar materials around centrioles and attach to the centromeres of replicated sister chromatids
52
Hayflick limit
40-60 divisions before cell dies
53
HeLa cells
first immortal line of cells - replicated for research (unethically...)
54
Hyperplasia
growth due to an increase in number of cells - responsible for growth in most body regions
55
Hypertrophy
growth due to an increase in cell size - responsible for increase in skeletal muscle cells
56
Prophase 1
homologous chromosomes pair up crossing over occurs
57
Metaphase 1
homologous chromosomes line up in the center of the cell maternal and paternal chromosome are shuffled
58
Anaphase 1
homologous chromosomes are pulled apart
59
Telophase 1
homologous chromosomes are separated results in 2 daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each
60
Meiosis results in ___ cells with ____ chromosomes each
4, 23

Physiology (15 decks)

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