Chapter 3: Organelle Structure and Function

Question 1

The 3 parts of the cell theory

Answer 1

• All livings things are made up of one or more cells
• Cells are basic unit of structure and function
• All cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 2

Why are cells so small?

Answer 2

They are limited by their surface area to volume ratio

Question 3

Why do cells sometimes rupture?

Answer 3

When the surface area increases then the cell membrane accommodates volume - so if it increases in volume too fast it will rupture

Question 4

Why do cells come in a variety of shapes?

Answer 4

They all begin as stem cells then differentiate based on function

Question 5

Organelles

Answer 5

Internal parts of the cell that do specific jobs

Question 6

Eukaryotic cells (You and Me) (true)

Answer 6

Have membrane bound organelles and a true nucleus

Question 7

Prokaryotic cells (no)

Answer 7

Lack membrane bound organelles and not a true nucleus

Question 8

Eukaryotic cells are found in what organisms?

Answer 8

Animal and plant

Question 9

Prokaryotic cells are found in what organisms?

Answer 9

Bacteria and some unicellular organisms

Question 10

Phospholipid Bilayer

Answer 10

A double layer of phospholipid molecules

Question 11

Each molecule in the Phospholipid Bilayer has

Answer 11

• A polar head that is hydrophilic

- 2 non-polar tails that are hydrophobic

Question 12

Function of the Cell (plasma) membrane

Answer 12

“Security Gate”

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

Question 13

Cholestrol Molecules ( in the cell membrane)

Answer 13

Hard fatty molecule embedded in cell membrane

Question 14

Carbhoydrates ( in the cell membrane)

Answer 14

Attached to the outer surface of cell membrane

Question 15

Cholestrol Molecule Functions (in the cell membrane)

Answer 15

Gives cell membrane support and keep it water resistant

Question 16

Carbohydrate (in cell membrane) function

Answer 16

To bind with specific molecules and aid in cell recognition

Question 17

Peripheral protein (in the cell membrane)
Location
Function

Answer 17

Located on the interior and exterior of cell membrane

Function - self recognition and other cellular recognition

Question 18

Functional names of Carbohydrate Molecules
When combined with lipid
When bound with protein

Answer 18

glycolipid

glycoprotein

Question 19

Integral Proteins ( in the cell membrane)
Location
Function

Answer 19

Location - embedded in the cell membrane

Function - transport substances thru the membrane

Question 20

Functional names of Integral proteins

Answer 20

Transmembrane proteins
Carrier proteins
Transport proteins
Channel proteins

Question 21

Cytoplasm structure

Answer 21

Jelly - like substance between the nucleus and cell membrane
(also called cytosol when combined with organelles)

Question 22

Cytoplasm function

Answer 22

“Atmosphere” of the cell tha contains organelles and provides a background (matrix) for cellular reactions and activities

Question 23

Mitochondria structure

Answer 23

Looks like elongated sacs
Outer membrane acts as a barrier
Inner membrane contains folds called cristae

Question 24

Cristae function

Answer 24

Increase surface area making more room for chemical reactions to occur and contain enzymes that speed up chemical reaations

Question 25

Mitochondria function

Answer 25

"Gas station" "power house" Site of chemical reactions of cellular respiration

Question 26

Cellular respiration

Answer 26

The process of transferring organic compounds, such ad glucose, into ATP, that cells use for energy

Question 27

Nucleus contains

Answer 27

Nuclear envelope Chromatin Nucleolus

Question 28

Nuclear envelope structure

Answer 28

Surrounds Nucleus | Has pores to allow substances to pass into/out of nucleus

Question 29

Chromatin Structure

Answer 29

Fine strands of DNA that, when combined in pairs of two, form a Chromosome

Question 30

Nucleolus structure

Answer 30

Dark spot in center

Question 31

Nucleus function

Answer 31

"Boss" of the cell | Center of cell that directs all cell activities

Question 32

Nuclear pore function

Answer 32

"Secretaries" | Allow substances into the nucleus to see the "Boss"

Question 33

Chromatin function

Answer 33

"Brain" | Tells what proteins need to be produced

Question 34

Nucleolus function

Answer 34

"Contractor" | Builds the ribosomes

Question 35

Ribosome structure

Answer 35

Membrane that is made in the nucleus and then shipped out to cytosol or RER Composed of RNA and proteins Smallest dots within the cell

Question 36

Ribosome function

Answer 36

"Protein Factory" | Synthesizes proteins from amino acids

Question 37

2 Places ribosomes can be found

Answer 37

Free floating - in cytoplasm | Attached - connected to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 38

Endoplasmic Reticulum structure

Answer 38

System of interconnected membranes that form tunnels throughout the cell

Question 39

Endoplasmic Reticulum function

Answer 39

"Subway" "Highway" To provide a path for intracellular transport

Question 40

2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 40

Smooth (SER) - no ribosomes | Rough (RER) - ribosomes attached to membrane

Question 41

Smooth ER function

Answer 41

Makes steroids in gland cells, regulates calcium in muscle cells and breaks down toxic materials in liver cells

Question 42

Rough ER function

Answer 42

Protein export and taking proteins to cell membrane

Question 43

Golgi Apparatus structure

Answer 43

Consists of 6 flat stacked sacs whose membrane often connects in with the ER

Question 44

Golgi Apparatus function

Answer 44

"Packaging Plant" | Refines, packages, and delivers proteins made by ribosomes

Question 45

The 5 steps to the Golgi Apparatus packaging process

Answer 45

1. Proteins arrive to the Golgi sacs 2. Attached a sugar to the protein forming a glycoprotein 3. Glycoprotein pass through each layer and are modified by either gaining or losing sugars 4. Packaged into Golgi membrane and pinched off into a vesicle 5. Either sent o to other organelles or sent to cell membrane to release substances as a "secretion"

Question 46

Lysosome structure

Answer 46

Tiny sacs that contain digestive enzymes | "medium size dots"

Question 47

Lysosome function

Answer 47

"Garbage disposals" | Get rid of waste in cell such as dead organelles and metabolic by products

Question 48

Why are Lysosomes called "suicide bags"

Answer 48

When they burst the cell dies

Question 49

Cytoskeleton structure

Answer 49

``` Long protein strands (microfilaments) Small tubes (microtubules) ```

Question 50

Cytoskeleton function

Answer 50

"Bones" and "Muscles" of the cell that provide support and movement

Question 51

2 types of Cytoskeleton

Answer 51

Microfilaments | Microtubules

Question 52

Microfilaments

Answer 52

Made of actin protein that function in cell movement and muscle contraction

Question 53

Microtubules

Answer 53

Hollow tubes that give support and form the spindle fibers during cell division

Question 54

Cilia structure

Answer 54

Made of microtubules | short and numerous attached to the cell membrane

Question 55

Cilia function

Answer 55

Assist in movement of the cell or substances across the cell

Question 56

Flagella structure

Answer 56

Made of Microtubles Long and tail like only 1-3 per cell attached to the cell membrane

Question 57

Flagella function

Answer 57

Assist in movement of the cell or substances across the cell

Question 58

Peroxisome structure

Answer 58

Membrane sacs that contain detoxifying enzymes Abundant in liver and kidney cells ( Bigger than Lysosomes) Medium / large dots within the cell

Question 59

Peroxisome function

Answer 59

Reactions that detoxify substances such as alcohol and metabolic by products such as hydrogen peroxide

Question 60

2 centrioles together make

Answer 60

Centrosome

Question 61

Centriole structure

Answer 61

2 hollow cylinders

Question 62

Centriole function

Answer 62

Distribute chromosomes to newly formed cells created by mitosis (ensure proper amount of DNA goes to each new cell)