Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYCH 258 > Chapter 3: Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

conscious experience that results from stimulation of the senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Inverse Projection Problem

A

task of determining the object that caused a particular image on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Viewpoint Invariance

A

the ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

processing that starts with information received by the receptors, also called data-based processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

processing that involves a person’s knowledge or expectations, also called knowledge-based processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Speech Segmentation

A

the process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Transitional Probabilities

A

in speech, the likelihood that one speech sound will follow another within a word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Statistical Learning

A

the process of learning about transitional probabilities and about other characteristics of language

also occurs for vision, based on learning about what types of things usually occur in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Likelihood Principle

A

part of Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference that states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Unconscious Inference

A

Helmholtz’s idea that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gestalt Psychologists

A

a group of psychologists who proposed principles governing perception, such as laws of organization, and a perceptual approach to problem solving involving restructuring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Apparent Movement

A

an illusion of movement perception that occurs when stimuli in different locations are flashed one after another with the proper timing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Principles of Perceptual Organization

A

rules proposed by the Gestalt psychologists to explain how small elements of a scene or display become perceptually grouped to form larger units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Principle of Good Continuation

A

points that when connected, result in straight or smoothly curved lines are seen as belonging together

lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Principle of Simplicity (Pragnanz)

A

every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Principle of Similarity

A

similar things appear to be grouped together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Regularities in the Environment

A

characteristics of the environment that occur frequently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Physical Regularities

A

regularly occurring physical properties of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oblique Effect

A

the finding that vertical and horizontal orientations can be perceived more easily than other (slanted) orientations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Light-From-Above Assumption

A

the assumption that light is coming from above

this is a heuristic that can influence how we perceive three-dimensional objects that are illuminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Semantic Regularities

A

characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Scene Schema

A

a person’s knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular scene

this knowledge can help guide attention to different areas of the scene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bayesian Influence

A

the idea that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability (our initial benefit) and the likelihood (the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Prior Probability

A

a person initial belief about the probability of an outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Likelihood
in Bayesian inference, the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome
26
Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin's theory that characteristics that enhance an animal's ability to survive and reproduce will be passed on to future generations
27
Brain Ablation
a procedure in which a specific area is removed from an animal's brain it is usually done to determine the function of this area by assessing the effect on the animal's behavior
28
Object Discrimination Problem
a problem in which the task is to remember an object based on it's shape and choose it when presented with another object after delay associated with research on the what processing stream
29
Landmark Discrimination Problem
problem in which the task is to remember an object's location and to chose that location after delay associated with research on the where processing stream
30
What Pathway
neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the temporal love, that is associated with perceiving or recognizing objects, corresponds to the perception pathway (ventral)
31
Where Pathway
neural pathway, extending from the occipital love to the parietal lobe, that is associated with neural processing that occurs when people locate objects in space, roughly corresponds to the action pathway (dorsal)
32
Mirror Neurons
neurons in the premotor cortex, originally discovered in the monkey, that respond both when a monkey observes someone else (usually the experimenter) carrying out an action and when the monkey itself carries out the action, there is also evidence of mirror neurons in humans
33
Mirror Neuron System
a network of neurons in the brain that have mirror neuron properties
34
Size-Weight Illusion
when a person is presented with two similar objects that ae the same weight but different sizes, the larger one seems lighter when they are lifted together
35
What are the basic concepts of perception?
perceptions can change based on added information involves a process similar to reasoning or problem solving perceptions occur in conjunction with actions
36
What is the inverse projection problem?
refers to the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina involves starting with the retinal image and then extending outward to the source of that image
37
Why is it so difficult to design a perceiving machine?
the inverse projection problem objects can be hidden or blurred (people van often identify objects that are obscured and therefore incomplete, or in some cases objects that are blurry) objects look different from different viewpoints (viewpoint invariance)
38
What are the direct perception theories of understanding perception?
bottom-up processing perception comes from stimuli in the environment parts are identified and put together, and then recognition occurs
39
What are constructive perception theories of understanding perception?
top-down processing people actively construct perceptions using information based on exceptions
40
What is bottom-up processing?
perception may start with the senses incoming raw data energy registering on receptors
41
What is top-down processing?
perception may start with the brain person's knowledge, experience, expectations
42
How are word perceived in a sentence?
when you hear words in a sentence spoken in a foreign language, your ability to pick out or understand certain words based on context demonstrates top-down processing e.g. listening to a baseball game that is broadcast in Spanish may make it easier to hear players names or certain "baseball related" words
43
What is speech segmentation?
the ability to tell when one word ends and another begins
44
What is the direct pathway model of experiencing pain?
an early model that emphasized nociceptors that would send pain messages directly to the brain a bottom-up processing model more recent modes have found that expectations, attention, and distraction van affect hoe we experience pain in a "top-down" manner (the Placebo Effect, attention, play games during bandages change)
45
What is the recognition-by-components theory (RBC)?
we perceive objects by perceiving elementary features geons: three-dimensional volumes objects are recognized when enough information is available to identify object's geons
46
What are geons?
discriminability: geons can be distinguished from other geons from almost all viewpoints resistance to visual noise: geons can be perceived in "noisy" conditions distinct: 36 different geons have been identified
47
What are the two stages of object identification?
a pre-attentive stage that automatically computes basic features an attentive stage that binds together the basic features to form objects
48
What is the procedure of the visual search Coglab?
search a visual image and respond as quickly as possible once they find a particular item, or when they are certain the item is not in the image measure time to identify target item when the number of distractors varies if search time is independent of the number of the distractor, it happens in the pre-attentive stage if search time increases with the number of the distractor, it happens in the attentive stage
49
What is the feature integration theory (FIT)?
pre-attentive stage automatic no effort or attention unaware of process object analyzed into features
50
What is the Treisman and Schmidt (1982) visual search study?
participants report combination of features from different stimuli illusory conjunctions occur because features are "free floating" subjects were good at reporting digits subjects made errors reporting letters and colors more of the errors were "conjunction" errors subjects said they saw a red letter T and a blue X
51
What is Balint's syndrome?
inability to focus attention on individual objects high number of illusory conjunctions reported
52
What is Helmholtz's theory of unconscious inference?
top-down theory some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment we use our knowledge to inform our perceptions we infer much of what we know about the world
53
What is the likelihood principle?
we perceive the world in the way that is "most likely" based on our past experiences
54
What is the "old" view of perceptual organization?
structuralism perception involves adding up sensations
55
What is the "new" view of perceptual organization?
Gestalt psychologists the mind groups patterns according to laws of perceptual organization
56
What is the Coglab on apparent motion?
what will observers see, if two stimuli are briefly flashed in rapid succession? the timing of the flashes was important short ISI (the interstimulus interval), two dots were presented simultaneously long ISI (two dots were presented alternatively) intermediate ISI (perception of motion)
57
What is the theoretical importance of apparent motion?
perception involves a process of perceptual organization that required an understanding of the relationships between stimuli if perception involves simple detecting the properties of the physical world, one would expect that the observer would either to be able to detect the stimuli or not, but the precept is quite different: motion is observed, even though it is not a property of either of the stimuli
58
What is the law of good continuation?
lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path
59
What is the law of pragnanz (simplicity or good figure)?
every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible
60
What is the law of similarity?
similar things appear grouped together
61
What is the law of proximity?
things near to each other appear grouped together
62
What is the law of common fate?
things moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together
63
What are the characteristics of the Gestalt laws?
Gestalt laws often provide accurate information about properties of the environment reflect experience experience is important but does not overcome perceptual principles Gestalt laws are intrinsic
64
What is the oblique effect?
people can perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations
65
What is the light-from-above assumption?
light comes from above is usually the case in the environment we perceive shadows as specific information about depth and distance
66
What are semantic regularities?
the meaning of a given scene is related to what is happening with that scene, and semantic regularities are the characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes a scene schema is the knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains (e.g. if you think of a professor's office, what would you expect to find/see there?) we know characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes
67
What is Bayesian inference?
Thomas Bayes (1701-1761) one's estimate of the probability of a given outcome is influenced by two factors: the prior probability (our initial belief about the probability of an outcome, hypothesis) the likelihood of an observation given the outcome (hypothesis)
68
What is the relationship between neurons and the environment?
some neurons respond best to things that occur regularly in the environment neurons becomes tuned to respond best to what we commonly experience (horizontals and verticals, experience-dependent plasticity)
69
How does movement facilitate perception?
movement helps us perceive things in our environment more accurately than static, still images
70
What is the interaction between perception and action?
our actions within or upon the environment around us involve a constant stream of updating perceptions and recognition of very subtle changes
71
What is the "what" stream?
identifying an object perception ventral
72
What is the "where" stream?
identifying the object's location occipital --> parietal dorsal action
73
How is dissociation logic used to determine the function of structures?
if you are trying to understand a complex system, you can logically deduce conclusions from "malfunction" damage to different areas of the brain cause very different deficits we can conclude that a specific area is necessary for a specific function brain ablation method allows scientists to damage specific areas of otherwise normal brains (usually in monkeys or cats) controlled damage allows for clear conclusions to be drawn
74
What is single dissociation?
one function is lost, another remains example: monkey A has damage to temporal lobe, this monkey is no longer able to identify objects (what) but can still identify locations (where) therefore, what and where rely on different mechanisms, although they may not operate totally independent of one another
75
What is double dissociation?
requires two individuals with different damage and opposite deficits example: money A with temporal love damage has intact where but impaired what; monkey B with parietal love damage has intact what but impaired where therefore, what and where streams must have different mechanisms AND operate independently of one another
76
What are mirror neurons?
these neurons respond while a subject watches an action being performed in the same way as if the subject was performing the action fMRI research has found evidence of a mirror neuron system in the brain Lacoboni (2005) found higher rate of mirroring if the subject's intention to perform the action was greater

PSYCH 258 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions