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PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > CHAPTER 3 - PERCEPTION > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3 - PERCEPTION Flashcards

1
Q

define sensation

A

reception of stimulation from the environment and the initial encoding of that stimulation into the nervous system

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2
Q

for visual input what body part is used for sensation

A

eyes

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3
Q

name the photoreceptors of the eye

A

cones and rods

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4
Q

what is a saccade?

A

the quick movement of the eyes from one location to another

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5
Q

how long does a saccade last?

A

25-175 milliseconds

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6
Q

what is fixation?

A

the brief period when the eyes stop moving and process the visual scene

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7
Q

what is the area in the eye that has no cones or rods?

A

the blind spot

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8
Q

what happens to the sensory information when it reaches the blind spot

A

goes through the optic nerve to the brain

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9
Q

define perception

A

experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses

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10
Q

what occurs during perception?

A

process of interpreting and understanding information

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11
Q

what was George Sperling’s first experiment in 1960?

A

challenged the concept of perceptual span and introduced iconic memory

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12
Q

what is perceptual span?

A

the number if items one can report from a brief display that does not allow eye movement

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13
Q

what is the predicted perceptual span?

A

4.5 items

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14
Q

name the 2 kinds of reports Sperling had his participants do

A

whole and partial

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15
Q

what is a whole report?

A

trying to report everything that was presented

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16
Q

what is a partial report?

A

trying to report only the cued portion of the display

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17
Q

how did Sperling revise his experiment?

A

using digits and letters and had 3 kinds of report

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18
Q

what were the 3 new reports of Sperling’s revised?

A

whole, partial (spatial/row), and partial (categorial/type)

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19
Q

define a template

A

a pattern treated as an unanalyzed whole

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20
Q

what is a feature?

A

a separable element of a pattern

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21
Q

Describe Averbach and Coriell’s revised experiment

A

cued only one location to reduce memory demands even more

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22
Q

how did Averbach and Coriell replicate Sperling’s results?

A

using a bar marker and a circle

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23
Q

what were the conclusions of these experiences about perceptual span

A

perceptual span is not a good measure of what is perceived

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24
Q

what concluded about iconic memory?

A

an iconic image persists after an array disappears and it decays/is lost very rapidly

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25
Q

what kind of process is perception similar too?

A

the process of reasoning or problem solving and can change based on added information

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26
Q

what is the perceptual system’s job?

A

figure out what object created the image on the retina

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27
Q

what is the inverse projection problem?

A

the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina

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28
Q

what is viewpoint invariance?

A

the ability to recognize an object even when it is seen from different viewpoints

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29
Q

why does a scene have high level information?

A

has many objects and may have information that requires figuring out

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30
Q

what are the 2 types of information used by the human perceptual system?

A

environmental energy that stimulates receptors

knowledge and expectations that the observer brings to the situation

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31
Q

what is bottom-up-processsing?

A

the sequence of events from the eye to the brain

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32
Q

describe the events in bottom-up processing

A

looking at something to create an image on the retina

electrical signals go from the retina to the visual receiving area of the brain

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33
Q

what is top-down processing?

A

processing that originates from the brain/ the top of the perceptual system

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34
Q

what does top-down processing demonstrate?

A

addition of information to the foundation

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35
Q

what kind of processing allows for rapid identification of objects and scens?

A

top-down

36
Q

what affects an object to be perceived as different objects?

A

orientation and scene context

37
Q

what is the human advantage over computers?

A

top-down knowledge

38
Q

what is speech segmentation?

A

the ability to tell when one word in a conversation ends and the next one begins

39
Q

when people receive the same sound stimuli but perceive it differently, what does that suggest?

A

experience influences perception

40
Q

describe bottom-up processing in auditory stimuli

A

sounds entering the ears and triggers signals that are sent to areas of speech in the brain

41
Q

describe top-down processing in auditory stimuli

A

understanding language allows creation of perception of the individual words

42
Q

what are transitional probabilities

A

the likelihood that one sound will follow within a word

43
Q

what is statistical learning?

A

the process of learning transitional probabilities and about another characteristic of language

44
Q

who contributed to the idea that perception involved the realization that the image on the retina is ambiguous?

A

Hermann and Helmhotz

45
Q

describe the likelihood principle

A

states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

46
Q

what is unconscious reference?

A

our perceptions are a result of unconscious assumptions/inferences that we make about the environment

47
Q

in what direction did the Gestalt psychologists follow to explain perception of objects

A

Wilhelm Wundt’s structuralism

48
Q

what did the Gestalt psychologists reject?

A

the idea that sensations can be added up to form perception

49
Q

describe Max Wertheimer’s apparent movement

A

the idea that although movement is perceived, nothing is actually moving

50
Q

what did Wertheimer say about the perceptual system?

A

it creates the perception of movement from stationary images

51
Q

what do the principles of perceptual organization suggest

A

the way elements are grouped to create larger objects

52
Q

name the 3 laws of perceptual organization

A

principle of good continuation

law of pragnaz

principle of similarity

53
Q

describe the law or good continuation

A

connected points forming lines are seen as belonging together and the lines tend to follow the smoothest path

54
Q

objects that are overlapped by other objects are perceived as continuing behind the overlapping object is part of what principle

A

principle of good continuation

55
Q

describe the law of Prgnaz

A

every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

56
Q

describe the principle of similarity

A

similar things appear to be grouped together

57
Q

name the 2 regularities of the environment

A

physical

semantic

58
Q

describe physical regularities

A

the regularly occurring physical properties of the environment

59
Q

describe the oblique effect

A

people perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than orientations

60
Q

what is the light-from -above assumption

A

assuming light is coming from above because the light in our environment usually comes from above

61
Q

how does the light-form-above assumption affect percpetion

A

illuminated shapes are influenced by how they are shaded combined with the brain’s assumption

62
Q

describe semantic regularities

A

the characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes

63
Q

what is important when discussing semantic regularities

A

the visualization of details within scenes

64
Q

what is a scene schema

A

the knowledge of what a given scene typically contains

65
Q

what is Bayesian Inference

A

suggests our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by prior probability and likelihood

66
Q

what is prior probability

A

our initial belief about the probability of an outcome

67
Q

what is likelihood

A

the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome

68
Q

what processing does the Gestalt psychologists use in comparison to the other 3 approaches

A

bottom up orientated

69
Q

what is the theory of natural selection

A

states that the characteristics that enhances an animal’s ability to survive and reproduce will be passed on to future generations

70
Q

what does experience-dependent plasticity provide?

A

the idea that experience can shape the nervous system

71
Q

who used Greebles in their experiment to demonstrate how EDP plays a role in a neuron’s response to faces

A

Isabel Gauthier

72
Q

how does movement facilitate perception

A

helps perceive objects in the environment more accurately

reveals objects that are not apparent from a single viewpoint

73
Q

explain the importance of interaction of perception and action

A

aids the coordination occurring between perceiving stimuli and taking action

74
Q

what is brain ablation

A

the study of the effect of removing parts of the brain in animals

75
Q

neuropsychology is the study of

A

behavior of people with brain damage

76
Q

Leslie Ungerleider and Mortimer Mishkin used what method on monkeys to study its ability to identify and locate an object

A

brain ablation

77
Q

what is object discrimination?

A

being able to identify an object

78
Q

what is landmark discrimination

A

being able to locate an object

79
Q

removal of the temporal lobe affected what? which pathway was discovered in this part of the experiment?

A

object discrimination

what/ventral pathway

80
Q

removal of the parietal lobe affected what? which pathway was discovered in this part of the experiment?

A

landmark discrimination

where/dorsal pathway

81
Q

David Milner and Melvyn Goodale named the what and where pathways what?

A

perception = what

action = where and how

82
Q

who investigated the monkey’s premotor cortex as a monkey performed an action

A

Peligrino

83
Q

what are mirror neurons

A

neurons that respond when one observes 2 different individuals repeat the same action

84
Q

what is the mirror neuron system

A

mirror neurons are distributed throughout the brain in a network

85
Q

who studied mirror neurons using short films with the same action with different intentions

A

Mario Iacoboni

86
Q

what did Iacoboni observe?

A

intentions behind actions amplified brain activity more than no intentions

87
Q

what did Mario Iacoboni conclude about mirror neurons

A

they are involved in understanding the intentions behind actions

PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (11 decks)

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