Chapter 3- PharChem lec Flashcards Preview

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1
Q

Different fluid compartments

A
  1. Intracellular fluid
  2. Interstitial fluid
  3. Plasma and vascular fluid
2
Q

Include both interstitial and vascular fluids

A

Extracellular fluids

3
Q

Other membranes are permeable to what?

A

Water, many organic and inorganic solutes

4
Q

Other membranes are nearly permeable to what?

A

Macromolecules such as proteins

5
Q

Other membranes are selectively permeable to what?

A

Certain ions such as sodium, potassium and magnesium

6
Q

Found in the plasma and interstitial fluids.

A

Sodium and chloride

7
Q

Found in the intracellular fluid

A

Potassium, magnesium and phosphate

8
Q

NaCl

A

Sodium Chloride

9
Q

Synonyms of sodium chloride

A

Table salt, sea salt, sal and asin

10
Q

Solid state of NaCl

A

Rock salt, halite, fossil salts and sal gemme

11
Q

Soltion of NaCl is found where?

A

Sea, some lakes, springs and wells

12
Q

Common impurities in NaCl

A

Calcium and magnesium

13
Q

Impurities of NaCl is readily precipitated by adding what to the brine?

A

Concentrated solution of sodium carbonate

14
Q

Colorless, cubic crystals or as white, crystalline powder having a saline taste.

A

Sodium chloride

15
Q

Wet dressings for irritating body cavities or tissues and as injections when fluids and electrolytes have been depleted in isotonic proportions.

A

Uses if NaCl

16
Q

Administered for maintenance therapy when patients are unable to take fluid and nutrients orally

A

Hypotonic solutions

17
Q

Usual caloric source

A

Dextrose (glucose)

18
Q

Used when there is loss of sodium in an excess of water

A

Hypertonic injections

19
Q

Categorized as fluid and electrolyte replenisher. Large amounts produces emesis, catharsis and diuresis. An antidote to silver poisonings, condiment and preservative.

A

Sodium chloride

20
Q

KCl

A

Potassium chloride

21
Q

Found in large deposits in the form of sylvite

A

Potassium chloride

22
Q

MgCl2•KCl•6H20

A

Carnallite

23
Q

Colorless, elongated, prismatic or cubical crystals or as a white, granular powder. Odorless, has a saline taste and is stable in air.

A

Potassium chloride

24
Q

Potassium chloride is a component of what?

A

Ringer’s injection and solution

Lactated ringer’s injection

25
Q

Is given to patients with severe hypopotassemia or if the patient is unable to take potassium orally.

A

Potassium chloride injection

26
Q

Treatment of familial periodic paralysis, meniere’ syndrome, and as an antidote to digitalis intoxication.

A

Potassium chloride

27
Q

A recurring, rapidly progressive, flaccid paralysis.

A

Familial periodic diseases

28
Q

Disease of the inner ear which includes dizziness and noise in the ear.

A

Meniere’s syndrome

29
Q

CaCl2•2H20

A

Calcium chloride

30
Q

Synonyms of potassium chloride

A

Kalium chloride, kali chloridum

31
Q

Synonyms of calcium chloride

A

Cloruro de calico, muriate of lime, fosforo de homberg

32
Q

Salt composes of white, slightly translucent, hard fragments or granules odorless with a sharp bitter saline taste and very deliquescent.

A

Calcium chloride

33
Q

Where is calcium chloride insoluble?

A

Ether, chloroform and fixed and volatile oils.

34
Q

Used in internal hemorrhages, in certain bone diseases, nervous disordets and whenever there is deficiency of calcium in the system.

A

Calcium chloride

35
Q

Treatment of choice for hypocalcemia

A

Calcium gluconate

36
Q

Constantly being produced during metabolism

A

Acids

37
Q

Efficient buffer systems

A

Bicarbonate/carbonic acid
Monogydrogen phosohate/dihydrogen phosohate
Hemoglobin and proteins

38
Q

Found in the plasma and kidneys

A

Bucatbonate/carbonic acid

39
Q

Found in the cells and kidneys

A

Monohydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate

40
Q

Found in the red blood cells

A

Hemoglobin and proteins

41
Q

pH dropping slightly below 7.38

A

Acidosis

42
Q

pH increasing slightly above 7.42

A

Alkalosis

43
Q

Solutions of inorganic and organic solutes

A

Body fluids

44
Q

Deficit - diabetic acidosis, renal failure, diarrhea

A

Metabolic acidosis HCO3

45
Q

Excess - administration of excess alkali, vomiting

A

Metabolic alkalosis

46
Q

Primary H2CO3 excess - cardiac disease, lung damage, drowning

A

Respiratiry acidosis

47
Q

Primary H2CO3 deficit - fever, hysteria, anoxia, salicylate poisoning

A

Respiratory alkalosis

48
Q

Causing increased excretion of H2CO3 as CO2

A

Hyperventilation

49
Q

Cauising increased H2CO3 concentration

A

CO2 retention

50
Q

3 mechanisms maintaining the normal acid-base of the plasma

A
  1. Buffers of the body fluids and red blood cells
  2. Pulmonary excretion of excess CO2
  3. Renal excretion of either acid or base
51
Q

Treated with the sodium salts of bicarbonate, lactate, acetate and citrate

A

Metabolic acidosis

52
Q

Treated with ammonium salts

A

Metabolic alkalosis

53
Q

CH3COONa•3H20

A

Sodium acetate

54
Q

Synonyms of sodium acetate

A

Acetate of soda, acetado de sosa

55
Q

Colorless, transparent crystals, as a white granular crystalline powder or as a white flake. Odorless ir has a faint acetous odor.

A

Sodium acetate

56
Q

Uses of sodium acetate

A

Effective buffer in metabolic acidosis of acute cholera, diuretic, diaphoretic, aperient and systemic alkalizer

57
Q

Corrected by infusion of sodium acetate

A

Uremic acidosis (acidic urine)

58
Q

CH3COOK

A

Potassium acetate

59
Q

Synonym of potassium acetate

A

Diuretic salt

60
Q

Colorless, monoclinic crystals or as white crystalline powder. Has a saline and alkaline taste. Categorized as alkalinizer.

A

Potassium acetate

61
Q

In doses of 1-4 g, potassium acetate is used as what?

A

Diaphoretic and diuretic

62
Q

In large doses, potassium acetate is used as what?

A

Cathartic

63
Q

NaHCO3

A

Sodium bicarbonate

64
Q

Synonyms of sodium bicarbonate

A

Baking soda, soda saleratus, sal de vichy, soda acid carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, bicarbonate of soda

65
Q

White, crystalline powder which is stable in dry air, but slowly decompose in moist air.

A

Sodium bicarbonate

66
Q

Ways of sterilizing sodium bicarbonate

A
  1. Bacteriological filtration
  2. Autoclaving
  3. Heating the bicarbonate solution in an open vessel and resaturating the cooled solution with sterile carbon dioxide.
67
Q

Liberated CO2 bubbling through the liquid

A

Effervescence

68
Q

Most important plasma buffer

A

Bicarbonate/carbonic acid system

69
Q

Used to combat gastric hyperacidity and to combat systemic acidosis. Administered parenterally and orally. Treatment of methyl alcohol poisoning.

A

Sodium bicarbonate

70
Q

KHCO3

A

Potassium bicarbonate

71
Q

Synonyms of potassium bicarbonate

A

Potassium acid carbonate, saleratus

72
Q

Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms or as a white gtanilar powder which is odorless and is stable in air.

A

Potassium bicarbonate

73
Q

Potassium carbonate is classified as what?

A

Electrolyte replenisher

74
Q

Used as an antacid for people who must restrict their dodium intake but there us a ridk of hyperpotassemia with prolonged use

A

Potassium bicarbonate

75
Q

C6H5Na3O7

A

Sodium Citrate

76
Q

Colorless crystals, or as white crystalline powder

A

Sodium citrate

77
Q

Uses of sodium citrate

A

Anticoagulant for whole blood, restore bicarbonate reserve in chronic acidosis, also has a diuretic effect due to increased body salt concentration

78
Q

Used for the chelation if other cations

A

Citrates

79
Q

C6H5K3O7•H20

A

Potassium citrate

80
Q

Transparent crystals or as white granular powder. Odorless l, has a cooling saline taste and is deliquescent when exposed to moist air.

A

Potassium citrate

81
Q

Potassium citrate is used as a?

A

Systemic alkalizer, diuretic, duaphoretic, expectorant, laxative and gastric antacid

82
Q

Intended to supply nirmal requirements for water and electrolytes to patients who cannot take them orally

A

Maintenance therapy with intravenius fluids

83
Q

Metabolites associated with starvation

A

Urea, phosphate and ketone bodies

84
Q

2 groups of combination products

A
  1. Fluid maintenance

2. Electrolyte replacement

85
Q

General electrolyte composition in addition to dextrose

A

Na, Cl, HCO3, Mg and HPO4 ions

86
Q

Contains 8.6 g NaCl, 0.3 g KCl and 0.33 g CaCl2

A

Ringer’s injection

87
Q

Each 100 mL contains 600 mg CaCl2 and 310 mg Sodium lactate

A

Lactated Ringer’s injection

88
Q

Used to supply water and electrolytes in amounts needed for maintenance as soon as intake of usual goods and liquids is discontinued and before serious fluid losses or deficits occur

A

Oral electrolyte solution

89
Q

Given to replace mild to moderate fluid losses due to diarrhea and other conditions associated withexcessive fluid loss or deficit fluid intake.

A

Oral electrolyte solutions