Biology 2 > Chapter 32: Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 32: Animal Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Produce their own organic molecules

A

Plants

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2
Q

Eat living and nonliving organisms

A

Animals

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3
Q

Digest food externally and then absorb nutrients

A

Fungi

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4
Q

Ingest foods and then digest it internally

A

Animals

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5
Q

Obtain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms

A

Heterotrophs

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6
Q

Formed from layers of embryonic cells

A

Tissues

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7
Q

Process food inside their bodies; many have an efficient ___________ system

A

Digestive

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8
Q

Animals have ________ and ________ cells

A

Nerve; muscle

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9
Q

Animals can _______ and detect and _________ potential prey

A

Move; capture

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10
Q

Undeveloped and specialized cells that are found in the bone marrow

A

Stem cells

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11
Q

Animals have tissues that develop from _________ layers

A

Embryonic

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12
Q

Are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes

A

Animals

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13
Q

Animal cells are supported by structural proteins such as ________, rather than cell walls

A

Collagen

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14
Q

What 2 types of tissues are unique, defining characteristics of animals

A

Nervous and muscle tissue

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15
Q

Are groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit

A

Tissues

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16
Q

What stage dominates the animals life cycle?

A

Diploid stage

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17
Q

Sperm and egg cells are produced directly by _______ division in animals

A

Meiotic

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18
Q

Animal zygotes undergo _______

A

Cleavage

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19
Q

Cleavage leads to a formation of a

A

Blastula

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20
Q

The blastula will undergo __________, forming a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues

A

Gastrulation

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21
Q

Most animals have at least one ______ stage

A

Larval

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22
Q

Is sexually immature, and morphologically and behaviorally distinct from the adult stage

A

Larva

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23
Q

After ____________, larvae become juveniles that resemble adults but are sexually immature

A

Metamorphosis

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24
Q

All animals have ______________ genes that regulate the expression of other genes

A

Developmental

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25
Most animals share a unique family of regulatory genes called
Hox genes
26
Control the expression of many other genes that influence morphology
Hox genes
27
Morphological and molecular evidence indicate that protists called ___________ are the closest living relatives to animals
Chaonoflagellates
28
Multicellularity requires new ways to cells to ______ (attach) and __________ (communicate) to each other
Adhere; signal
29
Animal fossils
Ediacaran biota
30
Closely related to mollusks, sponges, or cnidarians
Ediacaran fossils
31
Marks the period of rapid animal diversification
Cambrian explosion
32
Most of the fossils from the Cambrian explosion are
Bilaterians
33
What are the 3 traits of bilaterians
Bilaterally symmetric form, complete digestive tract, efficient digestive system with mouth and an anus at opposite ends
34
The two groups of early land vertebrates survive today
Amphibians and amniotes
35
Animal diversity can be described by a few ________ ______
Body plans
36
Sets of morphological and developmental traits
Body plans
37
Are conserved, also have changed many times over the course of evolution
Body plans
38
Can be compared based on body symmetry
Animals
39
What are the two types of symmetry of animals?
Radial and bilateral
40
Often sessile or planktonic (drifting or weakly swimming)
Radially symmetrical animals
41
Move actively and have a CNS
Bilateral animals
42
Body parts of arranged around a single central axis
Radial symmetry
43
Any imaginary slice through the central axis divides the animals into mirror images
Radial symmetry
44
Body parts of arranged around 2 axes of orientation, the head-tail axis and the dorsal-ventral axis
Bilateral symmetry
45
Only 1 imaginary slice divides the animals into mirror-image halves, the right side and left side
Bilateral symmetry
46
What 3 things do bilateral symmetrical animals have?
Dorsal (top) side and ventral (bottom) side, a right and left side, & head and tail end
47
Have sensory equipment (brain) concentrated in their anterior end
Bilateral symmetrical animals
48
Animal body plants also vary according to the organization of _______
Tissues
49
Collection of specialized cells that act as a functional unit
Tissues
50
Lack tissues
Sponges and few other groups
51
What are the 2 germ layers of animals
Ectoderm; endoderm
52
Covers the embryo’s surface, and gives rise to the outer covering and CNS
Ectoderm
53
The innermost layer, lines the blind pouch (archenteron) that will form the gut, and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and organs
Endoderm
54
Type of animal that only have ectoderm and endoderm, example are Cnidarians
Diploblastic animals
55
Type of animals that have a third germ layer
Triploblastic animals
56
Fills the space between ectoderm and endoderm, and gives rise to muscles and most organs
Mesoderm
57
Most triploblastic animals have a ________ ________
Body cavity
58
A fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the outer body wall
Body cavity
59
Function of body cavities (1)
Internal fluid cushions the suspended organs
60
Function of body cavities (2)
The fluid can act like a skeleton against which the muscle of soft-bodied animals can work
61
Function of body cavities (3)
The cavity enables internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall
62
A body cavity surrounded by tissues derived from mesoderm
Coelom
63
Forms structures that suspend the internal organs
Mesoderm
64
A body cavity formed between the mesoderm and endoderm
Hemocoel
65
Hemocoel is filled with _________
Hemolymph
66
A fluid that transports nutrients and waste throughout the body cavity
Hemolymph
67
Many animals have a _______ and a ________
Hemocoel; coelom
68
T/F: All Triploblastic animals have a body cavity
F: some Triploblastic animals do NOT have a body cavity
69
Tend to be compact animals with thin, flat bodies that exchange nutrients, gases, and wastes across the body surface
Triploblastic animals
70
What are the 2 developmental modes of animals
Protostome or deuterostome development
71
What 3 things do protostome and deuterostome development differ in?
Cleavage, coelom formation, and fate of the blastopore
72
Many animals with protostome development have _______ and _______ cleavage
Spiral; determinant
73
The planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo
Spiral cleavage
74
Rigidly determines the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early
Determinate cleavage
75
What 2 types of cleavage does deuterostome development have?
Radial and indeterminate cleavage
76
The planes of division are either parallel or perpendicular to the embryo’s vertical axis
Radial cleavage
77
Each cell produced by early cleavage is able to form a complete embryo
Indeterminate cleavage
78
In Coelom formation, during gastrulation, the embryo forms an ____________
Archenteron
79
Blind pouch formed by the embryo; becomes the gut
Archenteron
80
During which development does the coelom form by the splitting of the solid masses of mesoderm
Protostome development
81
During which development does the coelom form from the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron
Deuterostome development
82
An indentation in the gastrula that leads to the formation of the archenteron
Blastopore
83
What two things will form the mouth and anus?
Blastopore and second opening at the opposite end
84
Which development does the blastopore become the mouth?
Protostome development
85
Which development does the blastopore become the anus?
Deuterostome development
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