chapter 36 Flashcards
new conflagrations: world war ii and the cold war
1
Q
Over the 1930s and 1940s, what global alliance formed between Japan, Germany, and Italy, along with their conquered territories?
A
the Axis powers
2
Q
Over the 1930s and 1940s, what global alliance formed between France, Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Soviet union, China, the US, and its allies in Latin America?
A
the Allied powers
3
Q
What nations formed the Axis powers?
A
Japan, Germany, and Italy
4
Q
What nations formed the Allied powers?
A
France, Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Soviet union, China, the US, and its allies in Latin America
5
Q
What nations engaged in a campaign of territorial expansion that broke apart the structure of international cooperation that had kept the world from violence in the 1920s?
A
Japan, Italy, and Germany
6
Q
What were the nations of Japan, Italy, and Germany known as because they revised, or overthrew, the terms of the post-Great War peace, confronted nations that were committed to the international system, and to the avoidance of another war
A
revisionist powers
7
Q
What was Japan’s first step in their revisionist process of expansionism and aggression (in China)?
A
conquest of Manchuria between 1931 and 1932
8
Q
After the League of Nations condemned Japan’s actions for invading Manchuria, how else did Japan respond aside from withdrawing from the League?
A
Japan began following an ultranationalist and promilitary policy
9
Q
What battle between Chinese and Japanese troops was the opening move in Japan’s undeclared war against China?
A
battle between Chinese and Japanese troops at the Marco Polo Bridge in Beijing in July 1937
10
Q
Who became the first nation to experience the horrors of World War II in brutal warfare against civilians and repressive occupation?
A
China
- during invasion of China, Japanese forces used methods of warfare that led to mass death and suffering on a new, unimaginable level
11
Q
What Chinese city did the Japanese bomb, killing thousands of civilians and securing it as a landing area for armies?
A
Shanghai
12
Q
How many Chinese lost their lives as Japanese soldiers used them for bayonet practice and machine-gunned them into open pits?
A
400,000
13
Q
What happened during the Rape of Nanjing? Why was it significant?
A
demonstrated the horror of the war as the residents of Nanjing became victims of Japanese troops inflamed by war passion and a sense of racial superiority
- over the course of two months, Japanese soldiers raped seven thousand women, murdered hundreds of thousands of unarmed soldiers and civilians, burned one-third of homes in Nanjing, 400,000 Chinese lost lives to Japanese using them for bayonet practice or machine gunning
14
Q
Although Chinese forces failed to defeat the Japanese, who retained naval and air superiority, they tied down half the Japanese army, ___________ soldiers, by 1941?
A
750,000
15
Q
What was a contributing factor to Chinese resistance to the Japanese during their invasion being less effective?
A
conflicts between Chinese nationalists and communists
16
Q
Despite Chinese nationalists suffering major casualties in their battles with Japanese forces, how did they keep their government alive?
A
moving government inland to Chongqing
17
Q
While the communist guerrillas did not defeat the Japanese, what did the communists’ spirited warfare inspire?
A
captured the loyalty of many Chinese peasants through their resistance to the Japanese and their moderate policies of land reform
18
Q
What ten-year military and economic pact did Japan sign to align itself with the other revisionist nations, Germany and Italy?
A
The Tripartite Pact
19
Q
How many Italian soldiers died in World War I?
A
600,000
20
Q
Benito Mussolini promised to bring glory to Italy through what that it had been denied after the Great War?
A
promised to bring glory to Italy through the acquisition of territories
21
Q
Italy created an overseas empire by conquering what two African nations?
A
Ethiopia and Libya
22
Q
Italy intervened in what war on the side of General Francisco Franco?
A
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
23
Q
The invasion and conquest of Ethiopia in particular infuriated other nations; but, as with Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, the League of Nations offered __________ __________ opposition.
A
little effective
24
Q
What angered nonrevisionists about Italy’s conquest of Ethiopia?
A
- the broken peace
- the excessive use of force against the Ethiopians
25
__________ and ______ were the first nations to challenge the post-World War I settlements through territorial conquest, but it was ________ that systematically undid the Treaty of Versailles and the fragile peace of the interwar years.
Japan; Italy; Germany
26
What did Hitler refer to the signing of the 1918 armistice (the Treaty of Versailles basically) as? Who did he blame it on?
the "November crime"
- blamed on those he considered Germany's internal enemies: Jews, communists, and liberals of all sorts
- neighboring states also shared the blame: Poland, France, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Austria
27
Hitler's scheme for ridding Germany of its enemies and reasserting its power was what main strategy?
remilitarization
- legally denied to Germany under the Treaty of Versailles
- yet abandoned all peaceful efforts, proceeded to destroy step by step
28
What nation withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933?
Germany
29
Hitler reinstated universal military service in 1935, and in the following year his troops entered the previously demilitarized ____________ that bordered France
Rhineland
30
After reinstating universal military service and militarizing Rhineland, in what war alongside Italy did Hitler's troops (especially the air force) hone their skills?
Spanish Civil War
31
What was Germany's forced union with Austria called?
Anschluss ("Union")
32
How did Hitler justify his Germany's annexation of Austria?
attempt to reintegrate all Germans into a single homeland
33
What was the Sudetenland?
western portion of Czechoslovakia, inhabited largely by ethnic Germans
34
Neither the French nor the British were willing to risk a military confrontation with Germany to defend Czechoslovakian territory, so what did they allow Germany to do?
Hitler demanded the immediate cession of the Sudetenland to the German government, but against the desires of the Czechoslovak government, the leaders of France and Britain accommodated Hitler, allowing Germany to annex the Sudetenland
35
What was the policy of appeasement?
British and French policy in the 1930s that tried to maintain peace in Europe in the face of German aggression by making concessions
- British and French governments extracted a promise that Hitler would cease further efforts to expand German territorial claims
36
At what conference in September 1938 did European politicians (attended by representatives of Italy, France, Great Britain, and Germany) consolidate the policy of appeasement?
the Munich Conference
37
Who was Britain's prime minister who arrived home from the Munich Conference announcing that the meeting had achieved "peace for our time"?
Neville Chamberlain
38
___________ for war and __________ by the depression, nations sympathetic to Britain and France also embramed peace as an admirable goal in the face of aggression by the revisionist nations.
Unprepared; distressed
39
Was the policy of appeasement effective on Germany? What did they do despite the policy?
the policy of appeasement was a practical and moral failure, which cause Britain and France to abandon it by guaranteeing the security of Poland
- Hitler refused to be bound by the Munich agreement, German troops occupied and annexed most of Czechoslovakia, and next threatened Poland
40
What agreement did the Soviet Union and Germany sign, agreeing to not attack each other and promising neutrality in the event that either of them went to war with a third party?
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
41
In addition to Germany and the Soviet Union promising neutrality and peace between each other in the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, what else did the agreement establish about eastern Europe?
secret protocol divided eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence
- provided for German control over western Poland
- Soviet Union control over eastern Poland, eastern Romania, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
42
What was President Franklin Roosevelt's famous radio broadcasts known as?
fireside chats
43
For how long had the war between Japan and China already stretch over eight years when European nations stormed into battle for World War II?
eight years
44
Germany's stunning military successes in 1939 and 1940 focused attention on Europe, but after the Soviet Union and the United States entered the war in _______, the conflict took on _________ proportions. Almost every nation int he world had gone to war by ______.
1941; global; 1945
45
What military strategy did the Germans use to stun the world, but especially Britain and France, with a sudden victory?
Blitzkrieg ("lightning war", term coined by journalists, but never an official doctrine or concept of German armed forces)
46
On September 1, 1939, Germany moved into what European country, and was able to subdue its western expanses (while the Soviets took the eastern) in one month?
Poland
47
What kind of German boats or submarines conflicted with British ship convoys, and proved to be a decisive asset in the European theater of war?
Unterseeboote ("U-boats", or submarines)
48
In April 1940, what two European nations did the Germans occupy, before launching a full-scale attack on western Europe?
Denmark and Norway
49
The fall of what nation convinced Italy's Benito Mussolini that the Germans were winning the war, and it was time to enter the conflict and reap any potential benefits of his partnership with the Germans?
France
50
By seizing control of Norway, what advantages did the Germans have?
gained control of the eastern North Sea and prevented Brtain's navy from implementing a blockade
51
After the fall of France, what Allied power remained alone against the German forces?
Britain
52
What was the German air force called?
the Luftwaffe
53
What did the British call the Battle of Britain against the Germans?
"The Blitz"
54
The Germans hoped to defeat Britain almost solely through what kind of attacks?
air attacks
- rained bombs on heavily populated metropolitan areas, especially London, and killed more than 40,000 British civilians
55
What was the result of the Battle of Britain?
the Royal Air Force staved off defeat, forcing Hitler to abandon plans to invade Britain
56
By the summer of ________, Hitler's conquests stretched from the streets of Paris to the Acropolis in Athens, and Hitler had succeeded beyond his dreams in his quest to reverse the outcome of WWI.
1941
57
What was the German term for living space, seeking to create more of it by expelling or exterminating Jews, Slavs, and Bolsheviks?
Lebensraum ("living space")
58
Was the code name for the June invasion of the Soviet Union (believing that bankruptcy would take care of the rest of the Soviet Union after the invasion)?
Operation Barbarossa
59
On June 22, 1941, Adolf Hitler ordered his armed forces to invade what European nation?
the Soviet Union
60
For the campaign against the Soviet Union, the German military assembled the largest and most powerful invasion force in history, with how many soldiers?
3.6 million soldiers
- 3700 tanks, 2700 planes
61
What was the Russian heartland captured by the Germans in December 1941?
Leningrad
62
Despite having taken Leningrad and using Blitzkrieg tactics that proved effective in Poland and western Europe, why was Blitzkrieg ineffective for the Germans in the Soviet Union, and what else did the Germans fail to account for during war with Russia (4 advantages)?
- underestimated Soviet personnel reserves and industrial capacity
- Russia had vast expanses unaccounted for by Germans
- Stalin relocated industry to areas away from the front, allowed capacity of Soviet industry to outstrip that of German industry
- soviets received crucial equipment for their allies (trucks from the US)
63
How many divisions (military contingents from European nations) augmented the German force in their invasion of the Soviet Union?
total of 30
- included Italy, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, and Finland
64
By the time the German forces reached the outskirts of Moscow, fierce Soviet resistance had produced how many German casualties?
800,000
65
Up until the winter of 1942, the Soviets had advantages over German forces that failed to account for the cold Russian winter, but by the spring, what happened?
German forces regrouped and inflicted heavy losses on the Red Army during the spring
- by June 1942, German armies raced toward the oil fields of the Caucasus and the city of Stalingrad
- Soviet fortunes were the lowest they could've been when Germans invaded Stalingrad in September
66
As the Germans were advancing on Stalingrad and turning the tide of their invasion of the Soviet Union, what did Stalin order of his troops?
to fight a "patriotic" war for Mother Russia
- behind exhortations lay desperate attempt to stall the Germans with a bloody street-by-street defense of Stalingrad until the Red Army could regroup for a counterattack
67
In 1939, the United States instituted a cash-and-carry policy of supplying the British. What did this policy do?
the British paid cash and carried the materials on their ships
68
What was the lend-lease program initiated in 1941 by the United States?
the United States "lent" destroyers and other war goods to the British in return for the lease of naval bases
- program later extended such aid to the Soviets, the Chinese, and many others
69
Through what two main ways did the US government respond to Japans' beginning to occupy French Indochina (now Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia)?
1. freezing Japanese assets in the United States
2. imposing a complete embargo on oil
70
In September 1940, Japanese forces began to occupy what land in Southeast Asia?
French Indochina
- moved with the blessings of the German-backed Vichy government of France
71
What was other nation that was the Commonwealth of Nations and the independent colonial government of the Dutch East Indies that supported the US oil embargo on Japan?
Great Britain
72
What were the two US demands of Japan, in addition to their economic pressure placed on Japan from freezing their assets and imposing an oil embargo?
1. the renunciation of the Tripartite Pact (that sealed Japan, Italy, and German as the Axis powers in WWII)
2. withdrawal of Japanese forces from China and southeast Asia
73
Who was a Japanese defense minister, who assumed the office of prime minister and set in motion plans for war against Great Britain and the US in October 1941?
Tojo Hideki (1884-1948)
74
For what two main reasons did the Japanese hope to destroy American naval capacity in the Pacific with an attack at Pearl Harbor?
1. clear the way for the conquest of Southeast Asia
2. creation of a defensive Japanese perimeter that would thwart the Allies' ability to strike at Japan's homeland
75
What was the date referred to as "a date which will live in infamy" as Franklin Roosevelt concluded that Japanese pilots took off from six aircraft carriers to attack Hawaii?
December 7, 1941
76
More than how many Japanese bombers, fighters, and torpedo planes struck Hawaii in two waves, sinking or disabling 18 ships and destroying more than 200 aircraft?
350
77
On December 11, 1941, what significant event occurred that provided the United States with the only reason it needed to declare war on Germany and Italy?
Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the United States
78
What three nations' coming together linked two vast and interconnected theaters of war, the European and Asian-Pacific theaters. and ensured the defeat of Germany and Japan?
United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union
79
The humiliating surrender of what British-held port/city in February 1942 dealt a blow to British prestige and shattered any myths of European military invincibility?
Singapore
- Japanese seized from the British
80
The Japanese coordinated their strike against Pearl Harbor with simultaneous attacks against what places?
Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, Hong Kong, Thailand, and British Malaya
81
What lands in Southeast Asia and the Pacific did the Japanese continue to militarily maintain after their victory at Pearl Harbor?
Borneo, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, and several Aleutian Islands off Alaska
82
What was the slogan under which Japan pursued expansion in Asia?
"Asia for Asians"
- implied that the Japanese would lead Asian peoples to independence from the despised European imperialists and the international order they dominated
83
What did Japan's efforts to create a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere represent?
Japanese plan for consolidating east and southeast Asia under their control during World War II, and represented their struggle for Asian independence from European imperialists
- soon became obvious to most Asians that the real agenda was "Asia for the Japanese"
84
Those who supported the establishment of Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere advocated for what? What were the true desires that they hid underneath this move for Asian nationalism?
Japan's expansion in Asia and the Pacific
- cloaked their territorial and economic designs with the idealism of Asian nationalism
85
Despite the brutal exploitation of conquered territories, neither __________ nor __________ war production matched that of the _______, who outproduced their enemies at every turn.
German; Japanese; Allies
86
Not until the _________ ________ joined the struggle in 1942 did the tide in the battle in the Atlantic turn in favor of the _______.
United States; Allies
- primarily because of their industries
- ex: automotive industry alone produced more than 4 million armored, combat, and supply vehicles of all kinds for the war
87
What was the name of US ships that were built in US naval shipyards at a greater rate than the Germans could sink?
"Liberty Ships"
88
By 1943, German forces in Russia lost the momentum and faced bleak prospects as the Soviets retook territory. What Russian city never fell to the Germans, and battle over what Russian city marked the first large-scale victory for Soviet forces?
Moscow = never fell to the Germans
Stalingrad = first large-scale victory for Soviets
89
Drawing on enormous personnel and material reserves, the Soviets were able to push German invaders out of Russian territory, and by 1944 the Soviets had advanced into what three German territories?
Romania, Hungary, Poland
- reached suburbs of Berlin in April 1945
90
By the time the Soviets had reached the suburbs of Berlin and turned the tide once again in the German invasion of the Soviet Union, how many casualties had they inflicted on the German army?
more than 6 million--twice the number of the original German invasion force
91
In August 1944, the Allies forced what European nation to withdraw from the Axis and join the Allies?
Italy
92
With the eastern front disintegrating under the Soviet onslaught of German forces, British and US forces attacked the Germans from what two places?
1. north Africa
2. through Italy
93
Where did D-Day take place on June 6 1944?
French coast of Normandy
94
What happened on D-Day?
fighting deadly for all sides, Germans overwhelmed with two fronts collapsing around them and round-the-clock strategic bombing by the United States and Britain, leveling German cities and causing their resistance to fade
95
How did round-the-clock bombing by the US and Britain work/how did they divide up the work?
- Britain's Royal Air Force committed to area bombing in which centers of cities became the target of nighttime raids
- US planes attacked industrial targets in daytime
96
What two battles forced Germany's unconditional surrender on May 8 1945?
1. brutal street-by-street battle in Berlin between Germans and Russians
2. British and US sweep through western Germany
97
A week after Germany's forced surrender on May 8, 1945 and as fighting flared right outside his Berlin bunker, what happened to Adolf Hitler?
Hitler committed suicide, as did many of his Nazi compatriots
- did not live to see Soviet red flag flying over the Berlin Reichstag, Germany's parliament building
98
Where did the turning point in the Pacific war take place?
naval engagement near the Midway Islands on June 4, 1942?
99
What was the United States' secret weapon/code-breaking operation used to prevail at a naval engagement near the Midway Islands, and turn the tide of the Pacific war?
"Magic"
- enabled a cryptographer monitoring Japanese radio frequencies to discover the plan to attack Midway Islands
100
What were the two main reasons that the United States prevailed at a naval engagement near the Midway Islands and turned the tide of the Pacific War?
1. US aircraft carriers had survived the attack at Pearl Harbor
- had few carriers but did have a secret weapon/code-breaking operation:
2. "Magic": enabled the US to uncover Japanese plans to attack Midway Islands
101
How many Japanese carriers were the US carrier-launched dive-bombers able to sink on the morning of June 4, 1942?
three Japanese carries in one five-minute strike
- fourth one later in the day
102
What strategy did the Allies adopt to retake islands in the Marianas and the Philippines, after the tide of the Pacific War shifted?
island-hopping strategy
- capturing islands from which they could make direct air assaults on Japan
- deadly, tenacious fighting characterize these battles
103
In early 1945, after retaking multiple Pacific and southeast Asian islands, what two areas did Allied forces move towards that were more threatening to Japan?
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
104
What did the Japanese "kamikaze" strategy involve? Where was it introduced in battle with Allied forces?
pilots who "volunteered" to fly planes with just enough fuel to reach an Allied ship and dive-bomb into it
- introduced in Okinawa
105
The fighting on Iwo Jima and Okinawa was __________. US ___________ tactics were matched by the vigor and sacrifice of Japanese soldiers and pilots
savage; amphibious
106
How long did the battle at Okinawa last in which the Japanese flew 1,900 kamikaze missions, sinking dozens of ships and killing more than 5,000 US soldiers?
2 months
107
What three factors of the US battle with the Japanese at Okinawa convinced many people in the United States that the Japanese would never surrender?
1. the kamikaze
2. the defense mounted by Japanese forces
3. the 110,000 Okinawan civilians who died refusing to surrender
108
The fall of what Japanese city in July 1944 and the subsequent conquest of Iwo Jima and Okinawa brought the Japanese homeland within easy reach of US strategic bombers?
Saipan
109
What did US military planners change their tactics to after realizing that high-altitude strikes in daylight failed to do much damage to industrial sites?
released napalm firebombs during low-altitude positions of troops that came out of earlier defensive positions
110
The firebombing of what Japanese city in March 1945 destroyed 25% of the city's buildings, annihilated approximately 100,000 people, and made more than a million homeless?
Tokyo
111
Where did the final blows on Japan by the US come during August 6 and 9, 1945? What weapon did the US use against these two cities?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- used revolutionary new weapon, the atomic bomb against these cities
112
Why was the US atomic bomb so revolutionary and deadly in its use against Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
atomic bombs either instantaneously vaporized or slowly killed by radiation poisoning upward of 200,000 people
113
What two main factors persuaded Japanese emperor Hirohito to surrender unconditionally?
1. devastation caused by the bombs (attacks on Japan by the US, and attacks of Hiroshima and Nagasaki using atomic bombs)
2. the Soviet Union declaring war on Japan on August 8, 1945
- posed a new threat
114
On August 15, 1945, what Axis power unconditionally surrendered?
Japan
115
What date was World War II officially over?
September 2, 1945
116
In the total war that was World War II, ________ death tolls far exceeded _______ casualties.
civilian; military
117
The conquered territories of Indochina, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Hong Kong, Singapore, Borneo, and New Guinea came under direct military control because they applied to what two reasons?
1. considered too unstable or unreliable for self-rule
2. deemed strategically too important to be left alone
118
What European nation retained its elected government and monarchy under German supervision because Hitler intended that most areas of western and north Europe (which were populated by racially valuable people, according to Hitler) would become part of a Greater Germanic Empire?
Denmark
119
What are three examples of territories where Japanese authorities installed puppet governments that served as agents of Japanese rule?
Manchukuo, Burma, and the Philippines
120
What Asian nation remained an independent state after it aligned itself with Japan, for which is was rewarded with grants of territory for bordering Laos and Burma?
Thailand
121
In Europe, Hitler's _______ ideology played a large role in determining how occupied territories were administered.
racist
122
As a rule, Hitler intended that most areas of __________ and __________ Europe--populated by racially valuable people, according to him--would become part of a Greater Germanic Empire.
western; northern
123
In what two European nations, whose governments had gone into exile, did the Germans leave the civilian administration intact?
Norway and Holland
124
What part of France came under military rule by the Germans and in what part did the Vichy government remain the civilian authority in that part of the country?
northern France and the Atlantic coast = under military rule
southeastern France = Vichy government
125
The _______ government provided a prominent place for those French willing to collaborate with German rule.
Vichy
126
Despite having varying levels of involvement, what did German rule look like in most conquered territories in eastern Europe and Balkan countries?
came under direct military rule as a prelude for harsh occupation, economic exploitation, and German settlement
127
What was the most notorious form of economic exploitation enforced by Japanese and German authorities in their conquered territories?
use of slave labor/availed themselves of prisoners of war (POWs) and local populations to help meet labor shortages
128
By August 1944, more than how many foreign workers labored inside the German Third Reich?
seven million
129
In China alone, the Japanese military mobilized more than ____ million civilians and prisoners of war for forced labor.
10
130
The death rate among soldiers in Japanese captivity averaged almost ____ percent, and the mortality rate among Chinese POWs was even higher. By February 1942, ____ million out of the 3.3 million Soviet soldiers in German custody had died from starvation, exposure, disease, or shootings.
30; 2
131
Beyond the callous treatment of POWs, both German and Japanese authorities engaged in painful and often deadly ________ experiments on thousands of __________ subjects.
medical; unwilling
132
The response of the majority of people under occupation going on with life as much as possible was especially true in many parts of ___________-occupied lands in Asia, where local populations found _______ to resent in the change from one colonial administration to another.
Japanese; little
133
In Asia and Europe, for what two reasons would local notables often join the governments sponsored by the conquerors?
1. collaboration offered them the means to gain power
2. thought it was better that natives rule than Germans or Japanese
134
In Western Europe, anticommunism motivated people of what 5 European nations to join units of Hitler's elite military formations?
Belgium, France, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway
135
What were Hitler's elite military formations called that Belgians, the French, Danish, Dutch, and Norwegians joined units of to create a multinational army tens of thousands strong?
the Waffen SS
136
As an act of resistance, the people in the Netherlands associated the royal House of Orange with what?
national independence and defiantly saluted traffic lights when they turned orange
137
What happened to the group of officers and civilians who tried to kill Adolf Hitler on July 20, 1944?
plot failed when their bomb explosion killed several bystanders but only inflicted minor injuries on Hitler
138
Give some examples of institutions in societies occupied by Japanese or German authorities that were weak under or had been destroyed.
political parties, labor unions, churches
139
What was significant about the Holocaust?
it was the near destruction of European Jews by Germany, human disaster on a scale previously unknown
140
For centuries Jewish communities had been singled out by ____________ society as a "problem", and by the time the Nazi regime assumed power in 1933, anti-Semitism had contributed significantly to the widespread tolerance for anti-Jewish measures.
Christian
141
What were the two societal norms preceding the Holocaust that laid the groundwork for mass genocide of the Jewish population?
1. Nazi determination to destroy the Jewish population
2. Europeans' passive acceptance of anti-Semitism
142
Initially, what did the Nazi regime encourage of Jewish people? Why was this action inhibited by nations outside the Nazi orbit?
regime encouraged Jewish emigration
- tens of thousands of Jews availed themselves of the opportunity to escape from Germany and Austria, many unable to do so
- most nations outside Nazi orbit limited the migration of Jewish refugees, especially if they were impoverished, which most were because Nazi authorities appropriated their wealth
- situation only worsened as Germany overran Europe and brought more Jews under Nazi control
143
Where did Nazi "racial experts" contemplate deporting Jews to (two places)?
1. Nisko, proposed reservation in eastern Poland
2. island of Madagascar
144
When German armies invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Nazis also dispatched three thousand troops in mobile detachments known as what to kill entire populations of Jews and Roma and many non-Jewish Slavs in newly occupied territories?
SS Einsatzgruppen ("action squads") to
145
By the spring of 1943, the German special units known as SS Einsatzgruppen had killed how many Jews in their mass shootings in ditches and ravines?
one million Jews
146
At what conference did on January 20, 1942 did 15 leading Nazi bureaucrats gather to discuss and coordinate the implementation of the final solution?
Wannsee Conference
147
What did the 15 leading Nazi bureaucrats at the Wannsee Conference agree on in regards to implementing the final solution?
agreed to evacuate all Jews from Europe to camps in eastern Poland, where they would be worked to death or exterminated
148
Allied government leaders were ___________ to the fate of Jews.
apathetic (showed no interest or enthusiasm towards)
149
What was the largest of Jewish concentration camps?
Auschwitz, where at least 1 million Jews perished
150
What did crime tribunals later term the systematic murder of Jews?
"crime against humanity"
151
Where had the best-known uprising of Jews against German authorities taken place in the spring of 1943?
Warsaw ghetto
152
How long did it take German security forces to crush the uprising at the Warsaw ghetto?
three weeks, using tanks and flamethrowers
153
Approximately how many Jews perished in the Holocaust?
5.7 million
154
What two nations barred women from engaging in combat or carrying weapons during WWII?
Great Britain and the United States
155
What two nations permitted women to take up arms during the war?
Soviet Union and China
156
For what two reasons did women excell at resistance work?
1. they were less suspect in the eyes of occupying security forces
2. less subject to searches
157
About how many women joined British military services and how many joined in the US?
500,000 women in the Britain
350,000 in the US
158
Women's roles changed during the war, often in dramatic ways, but those new roles were ___________. After the war, women warriors and workers were expected to return ________ and assume their ____________ roles as wives and mothers.
temporary; home; traditional
159
What were some roles of women during the war/women who joined military services in Britain?
women served as
1. noncombatant pilots
2. wrestled with the huge balloons and their tethering lines designed to snag Nazi aircraft
3. drove ambulances and transport vehicles
4. labored in the fields to produce foodstuffs
160
How were women's experiences under the Japanese army not enobling or empowering? How many were forced to do this work?
Japanese army forcibly recruited, conscripted, and dragooned as many as 200,000 women aged 14 to 20 to serve in military brothels called "comfort houses" or "consolation centers"
- presented to army as gift from the emperor, and women came from Japanese occupied territories
161
What were the women who were forced to serve in military brothels/forced into the Japanese imperial prostitution service called?
"comfort women"
- Mainly Korean, Taiwanese, and Manchurian women who were forced into service by the Japanese army to serve as prostitutes to the Japanese troops during World War II.
162
The impetus behind the establishment of comfort houses for Japanese soldiers came from the horrors of ___________. In trying to avoid such atrocities, the Japanese army created another horror of war.
Nanjing
163
The cold war became a confrontation for global influence principally between what two nations?
the United States and the Soviet Union
164
The cold war was a tense encounter between what two rival political and economic systems?
between liberal democracy and capitalism on one hand and international communism and one-party rule on the other
(the systems of the US and the Soviet Union)
165
By the time Germany surrendered in the spring of 1945, the wartime alliance between the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain was ______________. The one-time partners increasingly sacrificed ____________ for their own national interests.
disintegrating; cooperation
166
In one of the first manifestations of the cold war, the European continent was divided into competing political, military and economic blocs. What were the two blocs?
1. one dependent on the United States
2. one prepared to obey the USSR
167
What did Winston Churchill call the division between the European continent into two blocs in 1946?
the two blocs were separated by an "iron curtain"
168
Unlike its predecessor, the League of Nations, what did the United Nations create and enable with the responsibility to maintain international peace?
a powerful Security Council
169
How many permanent members did the UN have? Who were these permanent members? What is their significance in the greater body of the UN?
five; The United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, and China (the members of the full Allied alliance in World War II
- their unanimous vote is required on all substantive matters
170
How many rotating elected members are in the UN?
six
171
Where did the Soviet Union help to bring communist governments to power in Europe in 1946 and 1947 (four countries)?
Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland
172
What did Joseph Stalin insist of government in eastern European nations liberated and subsequently occupied by the Soviet Red Army?
insisted on "friendly" governments that were controlled by the Soviet Union in order to safeguard against any future threat from Germany
173
The enunciation of what doctrine on March 12, 1947 crystallized the new US perception of a world divided between "free" (democratic) and "enslaved" (communist) peoples?
the Truman Doctrine
174
Articulated partly in response to crises in Greece and Turkey, where ___________ movements seemed to threaten _____________ and US strategic interests, the Truman Doctrine starkly drew the battle lines of the cold war.
communist; democracy
175
Who was president when the US committed itself to an interventionist foreign policy, dedicated to the "containment" of communism/preventing any further expansion of Soviet influence?
Harry Truman (1884-1972)
176
Whom was the Marshall Plan named after?
US Secretary of State George C. Marshall (1880-1959)
177
What did the Truman Doctrine declare?
U.S. policy instituted in 1947 by President Harry Truman in which the United States would follow an interventionist foreign policy to contain communism/stop Soviet expansion.
178
What was the Marshall Plan?
U.S. plan, officially called the European Recovery Program, that offered financial and other economic aid to all European states that had suffered from World War II, including Soviet bloc states.
179
Proposed to rebuild European economies through _____________ and ___________, forestalling communist or Soviet influence in the devastated nations of Europe, the Marshall plan provided more than ____ billion to reconstruct western Europe
cooperation; capitalism; 13
180
How did the Soviet Union view the Marshall Plan?
saw it as capitalist imperialism and countered with a plan for its own satellite nations
181
What organization did the Soviet Union establish to offer increased trade within the Soviet Union and eastern Europe as an alternative to the Marshall plan?
the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)
182
The creation of what US-sponsored organization signaled the militarization of the cold war?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
183
What was NATO?
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which was established by the United States in 1949 as a regional military alliance against Soviet expansionism
184
The creation of what Soviet-controlled organization signaled the militarization of the cold war?
Warsaw Pact
185
What was the Warsaw Pact?
Warsaw Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed by Soviet bloc nations in 1955 in response to rearmament of West Germany and its inclusion in NATO.
186
Who were the original members of NATO?
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States
187
What was the intent of the alliance brought about by NATO?
maintain peace in postwar Europe through collective security (implied that a Soviet attack on any NATO member was an attack against all of them)
188
The Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact as a countermeasure to NATO doing what?
NATO admitted West Germany and allowed it to rearm in 1955
189
The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance between how many communist European nations?
seven
190
After the collapse of Hitler's Third Reich, what forces occupied Germany and its capital and divided both for administrative purposes into four zones?
1. United States
2. Soviet Union
3. Britain
4. France
191
The Soviets retaliated to the western powers doing what with Germany by blockading all road, rail, and water links between Berlin and western Germany?
the western powers decided to merge their occupation zones in Germany (originally split into four zones for administrative purposes)
192
After the Soviet leadership called of their blockade of any road, rail, and water links from Berlin to western Germany, what did the US, Britain, and France do with their separate zones?
coalesced to form the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in May 1949
193
In October 1949, east Germany emerged out of the Soviet zone of occupation formally as what?
the German Democratic Republic
194
What was the capitals of Eastern Germany (German Democratic Republic) and Western Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)
Soviet sector formed East Berlin and became the capital of the new East Germany
remaining three sectors United to form West Berlin, and the West German capital moved to the small town of Bonn
195
How did the Americans and the British respond to the Soviets blockading all roads, rail, and water links between Berlin and western Germany?
responded with airlift designed to keep West Berlin's inhabitants alive, fed, and warm for 11 months in daunting display of airpower:
- American and British aircrews flew around-the-clock missions to supply West Berlin with the necessities of life
196
Between 1949 and 1961 nearly how many East Germans left their homeland, much to the embarrassment of East Germany's communist leaders?
3.5 million
197
What was the name of the fortified wall that divided the city of Berlin (border between East and West Germany) that was several layers deep with watchtowers, searlights, antipersonnel mines, and border guards ordered to shoot to kill?
Berlin Wall
- accomplished its purpose of stemming the flow of refugees at the cost of shaming a regime that obviously lacked legitimacy among its own people
198
Who was a US senator who became infamous in the early 1950s for his largely unsuccessful but nonetheless intimidating quest to expose communists in the US government?
Joseph McCarthy (1909-1957)
199
Despite their intense competition, societies in the Soviet Union and the United States came to resemble one another especially in what way?
internal censorship policies
- US: cold war concerns about the spread of communism reached deeply into the domestic sphere
200
After the war, Stalin imposed Soviet economic planning on governments in Eastern Europe and expected the peoples of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe to conform to ____________ ideological requirements.
anticapitalist
201
With "McCarthyism", thousands of citizens who supported any _______ or ______ cause
radical; liberal
202
Who was a Soviet novelist, author of "Doctor Zhivago", that was not allowed to receive his Nobel Prize in Literature in 1958 because Soviet troops were cracking down on Hungarian rebels in 1956?
Boris Pasternak
203
During the 1920s, what were the two groups that had arisen to reassert Chinese control over internal affairs, after many countries having impinged on its sovereignty in the 19th and 20th centuries?
the nationalists and the communists
- when WWII broke out, the two were engaged in civil war
204
After the Japanese were defeated, the strategic balance between the Chinese communists and Chinese nationalists, favored which party?
the communists, who inflicted heavy military defeats on the nationalists throughout 1948 and 1949
- People's Liberation Army controlled most of mainland China, national government under Jiang Jieshi sought refuge on island of Taiwan
205
While Jiang Jieshi sought refuge in Taiwan and proclaimed that the government in Taiwan was the legitimate government of all China, who established the People's Republic of China?
Mao Zedong, chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
206
Mao Zedong, chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, declared the establishment of what that brought an end to the long period of imperialist intrusion in China?
the People's Republic of China
207
What two cities from communist countries drew closer during the early years of the cold war because their leaders felt threatened by a common enemy, the United States, who sought to establish anticommunist institutions throughout Asia?
Moscow and Beijing
208
What two things did the United States do that was especially concerning to Soviet and Chinese leaders in the US's efforts to establish anticommunist institutions in Asia?
1. American-sponsored rehabilitation of their former enemy, Japan
2. forming of client states in South Korea and Taiwan
209
In conjunction with the communist victory in China, the unforeseen outbreak of hostilities on the ___________ peninsula in the summer of 1950 shifted the focus of the cold war from Europe to East Asia.
Korean
210
At the end of WWII, the leaders of the Soviet Union and the United States partitioned what country along the 38th parallel of latitude? Which part belonged to which nation?
split Korea into a northern Soviet zone and a southern US zone
211
Unable to agree on a framework for the reunification of the country, the US and the Soviet Union consented to the establishment of what two separate Korean states?
in the south: the Republic of Korea
- Seoul as its capital
in the north: the People's Democratic Republic of Korea
- Pyongyang as its capital
212
An army from which Korean state was determined to unify Korea and ordered more than 100,000 troops across the 38th parallel to push back South Korean defenders and captured Seoul?
Pyongyang regime, US convinced that the USSR had sanctioned the invasion and the US persuaded the UN to adopt a resolution to repel the agressor
213
After the UN submitted to the US's request for a mandate, how did the US proceed to push the North Koreans back?
supported by small armed forces from 20 countries, pushed North Koreans back to 38th parallel, kept pushing into North Korea and captured Pyongyang sensing opportunity to unite Korea under pro-US government
214
Subsequent US advances toward the ________ RIver on the Chinese border resulted in Chinese intervention in the Korean conflict.
Yalu
215
After the Chines intervened in the Korean conflict, how did the conflict end?
combined force of Chinese and North Koreans pushed US forces and their allies back into the south, the war settled into a protracted stalemate
216
The war over Korea resulted in how many deaths before both sides agreed to a cease-fire in July 1953?
3 million, mostly Korean civilians
217
Why was the result of the war over Korea significant in terms of present-day conflicts?
the failure to conclude a peace treaty ensured that the Korean peninsula would remain a state of suspended strife that constantly threatened to engulf the region in a new round of hostilities
218
How did the Korean conflict encourage the globalization of the US strategy of containment?
viewed North Korean offensive as part of a larger communist conspiracy to conquer the world = the US government extended military protection and economic aid to the noncommunist governments of Asia
- also entered into security agreements that culminated in the creation of the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization
219
In their efforts of containment, especially after the conflict in Korea, what organization was created as an Asian counterpart of NATO?
the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)
220
What was President Dwight D. Eisenhower's domino theory?
strategic theory rationalized worldwide US intervention on the assumption that if one country became communist, neighboring ones would collapse to communism the way a row of dominoes falls sequentially until none remains standing
221
How was President Dwight D. Eisenhower's domino theory significant in the impact it had on the perspective towards US policy of containment?
subsequent US administrations extended the policy of containment to areas beyond the nation's viral interests and applied it to local or imagined communist threats in Central and South America, Africa, and Asia
222
By the mid-1950s, who was China's principal trading partner, annually purchasing roughly half of all Chinese exports?
the Soviet Union
223
How did the rift in the Soviet-Chinese alliance begin to grow by the end of 1964?
- both sides engaged in name-calling
- both competed for influence in Africa and Asia, especially in nations that recently gained independence
- People's Republic of China recently conducted successful nuclear tests, enhanced prestige
224
In the 1960s and beyond, the superpowers of the US and the Soviet Union acquired so many nuclear weapons that they had reached the capacity for MAD or what?
mutually assured destruction
225
The cold war confrontation that came closest to unleashing nuclear war took place where?
the island of Cuba
226
In 1959, a revolutionary movement headed by who overthrew the autocratic Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar?
Fidel Castro Ruz (1926-2016)
227
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar regime had gone to great lengths to maintain the country's traditionally ____________ relationship with the United States, especially with the US ________ companies that controlled Cuba's economy.
subservient; sugar
228
What did the Soviet Union and Cuba exchange with each other confirming the US's worst suspicions?
Soviet Union offered massive economic aid, including an agreement or purchase half of Cuba' sugar production and arms shipments
In return, Fidel Castro declared his support for the USSR's foreign policy, he publicly announced "I have been a Marxist-Leninist all along, and will remain one until I die", confirming US's worst suspicions
229
In April 1961, a force of 1,500 anti-Castro Cubans trained, armed, and transported by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) landed where on Cuba?
the Bay of Pigs
230
What happened when the invasion force at the Bay of Pigs tried to spark an internal uprising?
1. promised American air support failed to appear
2. Castro's military had either captured or killed the entire invasion force
231
The Bay of Pigs fiasco ____________ US prestige, especially in Latin America. It also contrary to US purposes actually __________ Castro's position in Cuba and encouraged him to __________ the deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba as a deterrent to any future invasion.
diminished; strengthened; accept
232
What was offered in President John F. Kennedy ultimatum to Cuba?
called on Soviet leadership to withdraw all missiles from Cuba and stop the arrival of additional nuclear armaments
- backing up his demand, Kennedy imposed an air and naval quarantine on the island nation
233
For how many weeks before the Soviets responded to President Kennedy's ultimatum did the world's People's hold their collective breath waiting for a response?
two weeks
234
Who was the Soviet Premier that extracted an open pledge from Kennedy to refrain from attempting to overthrow Castro's regime and a secret deal to remove US missiles from Turkey?
Nikita Krushchev (1894-1971)
235
The two weeks that the world's people's trembled realizing the imminent possibility of nuclear war was known as what?
the Cuban missile crisis
236
From whom did the most vigorous denunciations of Stalin and his rule come from?
Stalin's successor, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev who embarked on a policy of de-Stalinization
237
What was the purpose of Nikita Khrushchev's policy of de-Stalinization?
to end the rule of terror and partial liberalization of Soviet society
238
From what year to what year did the de-Stalinization period last?
1956 to 1964
239
Describe some ways that Nikita Khrushchev and his government de-Stalinize the Soviet Union?
1. officials removed portraits of Stalin from public places
2. renamed institutions and localities bearing his name
3. commissioned historians to rewrite textbooks to deflate Stalin's reputation
- brought the "thaw" of government control and resulted in the release of millions of political prisoners
240
With respect to foreign policy, Khrushchev emphasized the possibility of what between different social systems and the achievement of communism by peaceful means?
"peaceful coexistence"
241
From where did the Soviet bloc face the most serious challenge to their control in 1956?
nationalist-minded communists in Hungary embraced the process of destalinazation
242
What happened in Hungary when nationalist-minded communists embraced the process of de-Stalinization?
large numbers of Hungarian citizens demanded democracy and the breaking of ties to Moscow and the Warsaw Pact
- Soviet leaders viewed as a serious threat to their security system, and in 1956 entered with their tanks and crushed Hungarian uprising
243
In addition to Hungary, where else in eastern Europe did the Soviets have to intervene?
Czechoslovakia
244
Who was the Communist Party leader in Czechoslovakia that launched a "Democratic socialist revolution", supporting a liberal movement known as the "Prague Spring"?
Alexander Dubcek
245
What did Alexander Dubcek promise his citizens in supporting the Prague Spring liberal movement?
"socialism with a human face"
- aimed at softening Soviet-style rule
246
How did Nikita Khrushchev's successor Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev justify the invasion of Czechoslovakia?
issuing the Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty, more commonly known as the "Brezhnev doctrine"
247
What was Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev's Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty?
policy reserved the right to invade any socialist country that was deemed to be threatened by internal or external elements "hostile to socialism"
248
The destruction of the dramatic reform movement in _____________ served to reassert Soviet control over its satellite nations in __________ Europe and led to tightened controls within the Soviet Union.
Czechoslovakia; eastern
249
By the late 1960s, the leaders of the Soviet Union and the United States agreed on what policy that would reduce hostility and attempt to cool the costly arms race and slow their competition in developing countries?
a policy of detente
- reduction of cold war tension
250
Although detente did not _______ the deep-seated antagonism between the superpowers, it did signal the relaxation of cold war tensions and prompted a new spirit of ___________.
resolve; cooperation
251
Which US presidents' trips to the two global centers of communism (China and the Soviet Union) suggested a possible beginning to the end of World War II and cold war divisions?
President Richard Nion (1931-1994)
252
Based on what two characteristics/factors did Richard Nixon enter politics in 1946?
1. on the basis of his service in World War II
2. his staunch belief in anticommunism
253
The spirit of detente was most visible in negotiations designed to _________ the threat posed by strategic _________ weapons.
reduce; nuclear
