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ANTH 1220 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most important feature of culture?

A

language

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2
Q

what does language rely on?

A

symbols

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3
Q

what are symbols?

A

anything serving to refer to something but its meaning can’t be guessed

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4
Q

what is arbitrariness?

A

no natural connection between two things; ambiguity

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5
Q

when did the development of language first begin?

A

when our ancestors became bipedal and shifted skull placement on the spine changed shape and position of mouth and throat anatomy

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6
Q

true or false: humans and apes have the same organs in the mouth and throat but differ in positions

A

true

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7
Q

how do organs in the mouth differ in humans from apes?

A
  • larynx is lower
  • pharynx longer
  • round shape of tongue and palate enabling more variety of sounds
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8
Q

what is the larynx?

A

voicebox

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9
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

throat cavity that resonates and amplifies chamber for speech sound

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10
Q

what is the palate in the mouth?

A

roof of mouth

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11
Q

which brain structures for language are unique to humans?

A

Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

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12
Q

what is universal grammar?

A

innate ability for developing children to acquire language

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13
Q

what is critical age range hypothesis?

A

child loses ability to acquire language naturally if not exposed to it early enough

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14
Q

what are open systems of language?

A

able to create new meanings/messages

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15
Q

what are closed systems of language?

A

unable to create new meanings/messages

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16
Q

what is a gesture-call system and which species uses it?

A

apes use a combo of sound, body language, scent, facial expression and touch for communication

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17
Q

non-verbal communication in humans are usually….

A

less noticed unless violated

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18
Q

what are the types of nonverbal communication in humans?

A
  1. kinesics
  2. proxemics
  3. paralanguage
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19
Q

what are kinesics?

A

body language

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20
Q

what are proxemics?

A

use of / maintained space in social interactions

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21
Q

what is paralanguage?

A

background features of speech / sounds conveying meaning (ex. tempo, volume, pitch, etc.)

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22
Q

what do Hockett’s Design Features describe?

A

characteristics of all communication systems

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23
Q

what are characteristics of all communication systems?

A
  1. messages transmitted through signs using 1or more sensory systems
  2. semanticity - signs have meaning
  3. pragmatic - signs have useful purpose
  4. interchangeability - send and receive messages
  5. cultural transmission - some aspects only learned through interactions
  6. arbitrariness- form of sign isn’t related to its meaning
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24
Q

which design features are exclusive to humans?

A
  1. discreteness- made up of small # of meaningless discrete sounds that can be isolated
  2. duality of patterning - meaningless phonemes combine to create meaning and morphemes combine to convey longer message
  3. displacement - able to communicate things beyond present
  4. productivity/creativity- able to spontaneously create never-expressed-before ideas/messages
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25
Q

what are universals of language?

A
  1. in all cultures
  2. change over time
  3. systematic and equally complex, all equally capable of expressing any idea
  4. all are symbolic systems
  5. basic word order of elements and grammatical categories
  6. made of discrete sounds
  7. duality of patterning
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26
Q

what is descriptive linguistics?

A

study of language structures and how they combine to make meaning

27
Q

what is phonology?

A

study of sounds of a language

28
Q

what is a lexicon?

A

vocabulary

29
Q

what is morphology?

A

study of languages’ morphemes

30
Q

what is a phoneme?

A

minimal unit of sound making difference in meaning but doesn’t carry meaning itself

31
Q

what is a morpheme?

A

minimal unit of meaning

32
Q

what is a bound morpheme?

A

morpheme that can’t stand alone and must be
attached to another morpheme

33
Q

what is a syntax?

A

rules on how to put units of speech together meaningfully/properly

34
Q

what are semantics?

A

meanings of words

35
Q

what are pragmatics?

A

social and cultural context of meaning and how context of interaction affects it

36
Q

what is the definition of language?

A

standard variety of speech

37
Q

what is a dialect?

A

variety of speech/language

38
Q

dialect is often a result of _______

A

colonization

39
Q

what are some reasons for language variation?

A
  • settlement patterns
  • migration roots
  • region and occupation
40
Q

reasons for language variation (do/don’t) work in isolation

A

they don’t work in isolation

41
Q

what are registers?

A

style/formality of speech

42
Q

what are vernaculars?

A

non-standard varieties of / improper English

43
Q

which level of education has more access to standard/proper English?

A

high level of education

44
Q

what is code-switching?

A

use of several varieties of language in a particular interaction

45
Q

what does linguistic relativity (Whorf hypothesis) state?

A

language largely determines behaviour and shapes way we see the world

46
Q

what is a criticism of the Whorf hypothesis?

A

deterministic

47
Q

when is language variety associated with an ethnic group?

A

when the language is used as a marker of solidarity

48
Q

what is a pidgin language?

A

simplified language form based mainly on one language using a small # of phonemes, simple syntax, and minimum lexicon

49
Q

what is a creole language?

A

language developed from pidgin when it’s so widely used that kids acquire it as their 1st languager

50
Q

what is a creole language?

A

language developed from pidgin when it’s so widely used that kids acquire it as their 1st language

51
Q

which gender is more likely to use minimal responses?

A

women

52
Q

what are minimal responses?

A

sounds that indicate someone is listening to the speaker

53
Q

what is the oralist approach?

A

emphasizes lip reading and speaking orally while discouraging sign language

54
Q

what is historical linguistics?

A

study of how language changes

55
Q

what are taxonomies?

A

groups of languages classified together based on words that have same/similar meanings

56
Q

what are 2 main causes for shift to modern English?

A
  1. invention of the printing press
  2. major shift in pronunciations
57
Q

what can the suppression of local languages mainly be attributed to?

A

colonialism

58
Q

what is language death?

A

total extinction of language

59
Q

majority of languages are spoken by whom?

A

minority groups

60
Q

what is language shift?

A

abandonment of language in favour of new one

61
Q

what are digital natives?

A

grew up with computers

62
Q

what are digital immigrants?

A

had to learn how to use computers as adults

63
Q

what is speech act?

A

intention of an utterance; it may be different than the definition of a word (ex. sarcasm)

ANTH 1220 (11 decks)

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