Chapter 4

Question 1

Earth-atmosphere balance

Answer 1

Inputs: UV, visible, near-infared (shortwave)
Outputs: thermal infared (Longwave)

Question 2

Energy Balance

Answer 2

Its a budget that involves an input/Output, and income/expenditures.

Question 3

Overall system is…

Answer 3

steady states (locally different)

Question 4

Transmission

Answer 4

Energy being allowed through the atmosphere or water.

Question 5

Observed color is due to…

Answer 5

Scattered wavelengths

Question 6

Scattering

Answer 6

Changing direction of lights movement.

Question 7

Rayleigh Scattering

Answer 7

Small particles 02, N2 scatter shorter wavelengths (blue/Violet)
Why the sky is blue.

Question 8

Mie Scattering

Answer 8

Large particles (smoke, dust) scatter longer wavelengths.

Question 9

Refraction

Answer 9

AS insolation enters the atmosphere, it passes from one medium to another, causing change in speed and direction.

Question 10

Albedo

Answer 10

Reflective quality of a surface related to color and texture (%)
Light and smooth: High albedo
Dark and rough: Low albedo
Earth 31%
Earth is 4x brighter than the moon

Question 11

Energy

Answer 11

Capacity to do work, or composition.

Question 12

Potential

Answer 12

Energy of position or composition
Ex:
Position - reservoir above a dam
Composition - petroleum

Question 13

Kinetic

Answer 13

Energy of motion
Ex:
Walking
Vibrations of molecules (measure of vibration = temperature)

Question 14

Heat

Answer 14

A flow of kinetic energy between molecules from one body to another.

Question 15

(Type of heat) Sensible

Answer 15

Is what you feel.
Temperature is a measure of molecule vibration.

Question 16

(Type of heat) Latent

Answer 16

Heat due to a change in state.
Substance doesn’t change temperature.
Melting, evaporation, sublimation - absorbs heat
Freezing, condensation, deposition - releases heat

Question 17

(Heat Transfer) Radiation

Answer 17

Electromagnetic waves

Question 18

(Heat Transfer) Conduction

Answer 18

Molecule to molecule diffusion.

Question 19

(Heat Transfer) Convection

Answer 19

Mixing and circulation.

Question 20

(Heat Transfer) Advection

Answer 20

Directional mass movement.

Question 21

Greenhouse Effect

Answer 21

Longwave radiation is not trapped like an actual greenhouse.
Atmosphere delays transfer of heat from Earth into spce, and reradiates back to Earth.
Clouds, gases, dust, water vapor, etc can absorb longwave radiation.
Radiation is then re-radiated back to earth/

Question 22

(Pollutants in the Atmosphere) Cooling due to aerosols like sulfur dioxide from volcanic eruptions.

Answer 22

Increase reflectivity

Question 23

(Pollutants in the Atmosphere) Some aerosols absorb radiation and reradiate heat back to Earth warming it up.

Answer 23

Black carbon is one of the strongest absorbing aerosols.

Question 24

Solar energy moves though the atmosphere…

Answer 24

Reflected
Scattered
Absorbed.

Question 25

Energy Balance by Latitude

Answer 25

direct insolation (high angle)
Consistent Daylight and little seasonal variation, between the tropics - surplus

Sun at low angle, high albedo, no insolation for 6 mouths at poles - deflect