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Flashcards in Chapter 4 Deck (40)
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0
Q

Altered state of consciousness

A

Change in awareness produced by sleep,meditation, hypnosis, or drugs

1
Q

Consciousness

A

Everything of which we are aware at any given time-our thoughts,feelings , sensations, and perceptions of the external environment

2
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Within each 24 hour period the regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors. (Sleep/wakefulness cycle )

3
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

A pair of tiny structures in the brains hypothamulus that control the timing of circadian rhythm;which is the biological clock. Located in the brains hypothalamus .

4
Q

Subjective night

A

The time during a 24 hr period when the biological clock is telling a person to go to sleep

5
Q

REM rebound

A

The increased amount of REM sleep that occurs after REM deprivation.

6
Q

Stage 4 sleep

A

The deepest stage of REM sleep, characterized by an EEG pattern of more than 50% delta waves.

7
Q

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

A

A type of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, paralysis, fast and irregular heart and respiration rates, increased brain wave activity, vivid dreams.

8
Q

Restorative theory of sleep

A

The theory that the function of sleep is to restore body and mind. A person feels sleepy more they stay awake.

9
Q

Slow wave sleep

A

Deep sleep. Associated with stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

10
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Sleep stage 2 brain waves that feature short periods of calm interrupted by brief flashes of intense activity.

11
Q

NREM (non REM) sleep

A

Four sleep stages characterized by slow, regular respiration and heart rate, little body movement and blood pressure and brain activity that are their 24 hr low points

12
Q

Sleep cycle

A

A period of sleep lasting about 90 min and including one or more stages of NREM sleep, followed by REM

13
Q

Circadian theory of sleep

A

The theory that sleep evolved to keep humans out of harms way during the night, in order to not become a prey for a nocturnal predator; also known as the evolutionary or adaptive theory.

14
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone which induces sleep which secretes from the pineal gland ( only at night it releases)

15
Q

Modafimil

A

Helps people remain alert without side affects of stimulants such as caffeine

16
Q

Physiological functions

A

Blood pressure, heart rate, appetite, hormones, -follow circadian rhythm

17
Q

Environmental cue

A

Sunlight. Which hit the specialized cells ( photoreceptors) that are in the retina located in the back of the eye then hits the optic nerve (scn)

18
Q

Polysomnigrams

A

Sleep recordings

19
Q

Alexander borbely

A

Explains how a synthesis of the circadian and restorative theories can be used to explain the function of sleep

20
Q

Eugene azerinsky

A

First discovered these burst of rapid eye movements

21
Q

William dement and Nathaniel kleitman

A

Made the connection between rapid eye movements and dreaming

22
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Leads to suppression of neurological activity in the temporal lobes

23
Q

parasomnias

A

sleep disturbances in which behaviors and physiological states that normally take place only in the waking state occur while a person sleeping.

24
Q

dyssomnias

A

sleep disorder in which the timing, quantity or quality of sleep is impaired

25
Q

narcolepsy

A

INCURABLE sleep disorder, characterized by excessive day time sleepiness and uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep

26
Q

insomnia

A

a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep by waking too early or by sleep that is light , restless, or of poor quality.

27
Q

sleep apnea

A

sleep disorder characterized by periods during sleep when breathing stops and individual must awaken briefly in order to breath.

28
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep walking occurs during parti arousal of stage 4 sleep

29
Q

somniloquy

A

sleep talking occurs during any stage of sleep

30
Q

sleep terrors

A

frightening dream occurs during partial arousal of stage 4, sleeper springs up in a state of panic usually shortly after falling asleep

31
Q

nightmares

A

are more frightening that sleep terrors because they occur during REM sleep and as a result are far more realistic.

Sleepers often awaken to full consciousness and rememeber the dream in detail

32
Q

REM dream

A

type of dream occurring almost continuously during each REM period.
Storylike quality, more vivid and realistic, visual and emotional than NREM

33
Q

NREM

A

type of dream occurring during NREM sleep.

it’s less frequent, less memorable, than REM dreams

34
Q

lucid dreams

A

is a dream that an individual is aware of dreaming.

often being able to indulgence content and control the dream while it’s in process

35
Q

manifest content

A

Freud’s term for the content of a dream as recalled by the dreamer; “the storyline”

36
Q

latent content

A

Freud’s term for the underlying meaning of a dream; “the symbolism”

37
Q

cognitive theory of dreaming

A

Hall’s(1953)the theory that dreaming is just like thinking while we sleep

38
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming

A

Hobson &McCarley’s (1977) hypothesis that dreams are the brains attempt to make sense of the random firing of brain cells during REM sleep.

39
Q

Evolutionary theory of dreaming

A

the theory explaining that vivid REM dreams enable people to rehearse the skills needed to fend of threats and predators in a real life situation