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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers surfaces because cells are in contact, lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts, forms glands when cells sink under the surface

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2
Q

•Muscle Tissue

A

cells shorten in length producing movement

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3
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

cells that conduct electrical signals,detects changes inside and outside the body, responds with nerve impulses

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4
Q

Connective Tissue

A

–material found between cells, supports and binds structures together, stores energy as fat, provides immunity to disease.

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5
Q

Epithelial Tissue features

A

Epithelial Tissue
General Features
•Closely packed cells forming continuous sheets
•Cells sit on basement membrane:
–Apical (upper) free surface
–Basal (lower) in contact with the connective tissue
•Avascular: without blood vessels
–nutrients diffuse in from underlying connective tissue (ECM)
•Good nerve supply and Rapid cell division
•Covering / lining versus glandular types:
–epidermis of skin
–lining of blood vessels and ducts, respiratory, reproductive, urinary & GI tract
•Glandular epithelium
–secreting portion of glands

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6
Q

Basement Membrane

A 
Basement Membrane
•Basal lamina
– from epithelial cells
–collagen fibers
•Reticular lamina
–secreted by connective tissue cells
–reticular fibers
•holds cells to connective tissue.
•guide for cell migration during development.
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7
Q

Simple Squamous

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium
•Single layer of flat cells
– lines blood vessels (endothelium), body cavities (mesothelium).
–very thin — controls diffusion, osmosis and filtration.
–nuclei centrally located.
•Cells in direct contact with each other through junctions (tight, adhesion and gap junctions).

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8
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A 
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
•Single layer of cube-shaped cells viewed from the side
•Nuclei round and centrally located
•Lines tubes of kidney, pancreas…
•Absorption or secretion
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9
Q

Nonciliated Simple Columnar

A

Nonciliated Simple Columnar
•Single layer rectangular cells
•Unicellular glands =goblet cells secrete mucus
–lubricate GI, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems
•Microvilli = fingerlike cytoplasmic projections
–for absorption in GI tract (stomach to anus)

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10
Q

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

•Single layer rectangular cells with cilia
•Mucus from goblet cells moved along by cilia
–found in respiratory system and uterine tubes

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11
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar

A

•Single cell layer
•All cells attach to basement membrane but not all reach free surface
•Nuclei at varying depths: looks like several layers
•Respiratory system (lungs), male urethra & epididymis…
Pseudostratified Columnar

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12
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium
•Several cell layers thick
•Surface cells flat
•Keratinized: surface cells dead and filled with keratin
–skin (epidermis)…
•Nonkeratinized: no keratin in moist living cells at surface
–mouth, vagina…

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13
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
•Multilayered
•Surface cells cuboidal
– rare (only found in sweat gland ducts & male urethra)

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14
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium
•Multilayered
•Surface cells columnar
–Rare (very large ducts & part of male urethra)

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15
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Transitional Epithelium
•Multilayered
•Surface cells varying in shape from round to flat if stretched
•Lines hollow organs that expand from within (ex: urinary bladder)

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16
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

Glandular Epithelium
•Derived from epithelial cells that sank below the surface during development
•Exocrine glands
–cells that secrete—sweat, ear wax, saliva, digestive enzymes onto free surface of epithelial layer
–connected to the surface by tubes (ducts)
–unicellular glands or multicellular glands
–Mucous glands secrete mucins that absorb water to form mucus
–Serous glands secrete enzymes
–Mixed exocrine glands are capable of both serous and mucous secretions
•Endocrine glands
–secrete hormones into the bloodstream
–hormones help maintain homeostasis

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17
Q

Multicellular Glands

A

Secretory vesicles
Secretory
cell fragments
•Structure
–Simple glands (unbranched duct) or compound glands (branched duct)
–Mixed exocrine glands are capable of both serous and mucous secretions
•Type of secretion
–Merocrine – most – secrete products by exocytosis as produced (a)
–Holocrine – accumulate products within then rupture (b)
–Apocrine – accumulates products within but only apex ruptures

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18
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

•3 types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, cardiac.
•Cells that shorten due to the chemical and physical interaction between myofilaments of Actin and Myosin.
Muscle T

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19
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Skeletal Muscle
•Cells are large long cylinders with many peripheral nuclei.
•Visible light and dark banding (looks striated).
•Voluntary (conscious) control.

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20
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Smooth Muscle
•Spindle shaped cells with a single central nuclei.
•Walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, GI tract, bladder), often arranged in sheets or layers (visceral smooth muscle).
•Involuntary, and non-striated.

21
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

•Cells are branched cylinders with one central nuclei, striated.
•Involuntary.
Attached to and communicate with each other at intercalated discs.

22
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

•Conduct electrical signals through the body.
•Neurons are the cells that actually transmit the electrical signals.
•Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the neural tissue.
•long cell processes conduct nerve signals:
dendrite — signal travels towards the cell body
axon —- signal travels away from cell body

23
Q

Schwann cells

A

•Schwann cells make up the myelin sheath.

Impulse jumps from node to node.

24
Q

Connective Tissue

A

•Loose connective tissue (CT) have four main components:
–Special cells: Fibroblasts, Chondroblasts, osteoblasts
–Matrix: Is the collective term for the extracellular component of any connective tissue that is made up of the protein fibers and the ground substance.
–Extracellular protein fibers
–Ground substance

Connective Tissue

25
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Cells rarely touch due to usually large amount of intercellular material (extracellular matrix).
  • Matrix (fibers & ground substance) secreted by cells.
  • Consistency varies from liquid or gel to solid.
  • Function is to support, connect, protect and insulate.
  • Good nerve & blood supply except cartilage & tendons.
  • Establish the structural framework of the body.
  • Transport fluid and dissolved materials.
  • Protect organs.
  • Support, surround, and connect other tissues.
  • Store energy.
  • Defend the body from microorganisms.
  • Specialized cells: -blast (germ) cells form the matrix, -cyte (cell) cells maintain it, -clast (break) cells break it down.

Connective Tissue

26
Q

Connective Tissue - Types

A

•Collagen (25% of protein in your body)
–Tough protein, resistant to pull, yet pliable
•Elastin (Lungs, Blood Vessels, ear cartilage) : -can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to original shape.
•Reticular (spleen and lymph nodes):
–thin, branched fibers that form framework within organs, formed from collagen.
Connective Tissue - Types

27
Q

Classification of CT - Loose

A

Peripheral nuclei due to large fat storage droplet. Deeper layer of skin, organ padding, yellow marrow. Reduces heat loss, energy storage, protection.Around kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow. Deeper layer of skin, organ padding, yellow marrow.Form a soft skeleton (stroma) to support the lymphoid organs.

28
Q

Classification of CT - Dense

A

Collagen fibers are irregularly arranged (interwoven), Tissue can resist tension from any direction, Very tough tissue – white of eyeball, dermis of skin

29
Q

Classification of CT - Bone

A

Classification of CT - Bone

•Osteon: lamellae (rings) of mineralized matrix, Ca & P (hardness), interwoven collagen fibers (strength and flexibility).
•Osteocytes in spaces (lacunae) in between lamellae.
Canaliculi (tiny canals) connect cell to cell
Central canal with blood vessels, nerves & a lymphatic vessel.

30
Q

Classification of CT - Cartilage

A
  • Yellow, present in the outer ear, Eustachian tube and epiglottis.
  • Contains elastic fiber networks and collagen fibers. The principal protein is elastin.
  • Provide support and maintain shape
  • mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions (flexibility and toughness).
  • found in the pubic symphysis, the anulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs, menisci and the TMJ.
31
Q

CT – Blood: Erythrocytes or RBC

A

CT – Blood: Erythrocytes or RBC
Connective tissue with a liquid matrix = the plasma (58%)
Formed elements: red blood cells (erythrocytes) 40%, white blood cells (leukocytes) 1% and cell fragments called platelets.
Provide clotting, immune functions, carry nutrients, wastes, etc.
Hemoglobin carries oxygen, No nucleus
•Made in bone marrow. (40%)

32
Q

CT – Blood: Leukocytes or WBC

A

Immune system cells protecting the body against infectious diseases and foreign invaders.

33
Q

CT – Blood: Thrombocytes or Platelets

A

RBC is concave without nucleus, WBC round with a lot of receptors and the platelet in between. SEM.\
Function (along with the coagulation factors) is to stop bleeding by clumping and clotting blood vessel injuries.
No nucleus, only found in mammals.

34
Q

Membranes as Organs

A

•Epithelial layer sitting on a thin layer of connective tissue.
•Mucous membranes are wet membranes with a connection to the exterior.
•Serous membranes line the ventral body cavity.
•The cutaneous membrane is a thick,
dry, water-resistant membrane.
•Synovial membranes areolar tissue with an incomplete layer of overlying epithelium.

35
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Tight Junctions
•Encircle the cell joining it to surrounding cells
–zipperlike complementary grooves and ridges
•Prevents passage between cells
–GI and urinary tracts

36
Q

Desmosomes

A

Desmosomes
•Patch between cells holding them together
–cells spanned by filaments terminating on protein plaque
–cytoplasmic intermediate filaments also attach to plaque
•Uterus, heart and epidermis
–Places where stretching occurs

37
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Gap Junctions
•Ring of transmembrane proteins form a water-filled channel
–small solutes pass directly from cell to cell
–Cell to cell communication/signaling
–in embryos, cardiac and smooth muscle

38
Q

Hyperplasia

A

tissue growth through cell multiplication

39
Q

Hypertrophy

A

enlargement of preexisting cells

40
Q

Neoplasia

A

growth of a tumor through growth of abnormal tissue

41
Q

Atrophy

A

loss of cell size or number disuse atrophy from lack of use (leg in a cast)

42
Q

Necrosis

A

pathological death of tissue

43
Q

gangrene

A

insufficient blood supply

44
Q

decubitus ulcer

A

bed sore or pressure sore

45
Q

Tissue Repair

A 
•Necessary when barriers are penetrated
•Cells must divide and migrate
•Occurs in two major ways
–Regeneration:
•Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue
•Original function restored
–Fibrosis
•Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue
•Original function lost
46
Q

Steps in Tissue Repair: Step 1

A 
Steps in Tissue Repair: Step 1
•Inflammation sets stage
–Release of inflammatory chemicals
–Dilation of blood vessels
–Increase in vessel permeability
–Clotting occurs
47
Q

Steps in Tissue Repair: Step 2

A

Steps in Tissue Repair: Step 2
•Organization restores blood supply
–The blood clot is replaced with granulation tissue
–Epithelium begins to regenerate
–Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge the gap
–Debris is phagocytized

48
Q

Steps in Tissue Repair: Step 3

A

•Regeneration and fibrosis
–The scab detaches
–Fibrous tissue matures; epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue
–Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue

49
Q

Regenerative Capacity in Different Tissues

A

Regenerative Capacity in Different Tissues
•Regenerate extremely well
–Epithelial tissues, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, blood-forming tissue
•Moderate regenerating capacity
–Smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue
•Virtually no functional regenerative capacity
–Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord
–New research shows cell division does occur
•Efforts underway to coax them to regenerate better

Anatomy And Physiology (4 decks)

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