Chapter 4- Cell structure and function

Question 1

what are the 3 types of cells in the human body?

Answer 1

Muscle, epethelial, connective, nerve

Question 2

What is smaller size of cells convenient for?

Answer 2

exchanging materials

Question 3

What are the two types of microscopes?

Answer 3

compound light and electron

Question 4

What is resolution?

Answer 4

The minimum distance between 2 objects that allows them to be seen as 2 different objects

Question 5

What are the 2 domains of prokaryotes?

Answer 5

Eubacteria, archea

Question 6

how are eubacteria and archea similar/ different?

Answer 6

structurally similar, biochemically different

Question 7

What are pilli and what type of cell are they found on?

Answer 7

hairs on the outside of prokaryotes that allow them to attach to other cells

Question 8

what structure defines the cell as a distinct entity?

Answer 8

cell membrane

Question 9

what gives the membrane fluid properties?

Answer 9

lipid bilayer

Question 10

what does amphiphillic mean?

Answer 10

partially attracted/not attracted to water

Question 11

What are the components of the cell membrane?

Answer 11

Phospholipids
proteins
glycolipids
sterols

Question 12

What does cholesterol do to the cell membrane?

Answer 12

changes its fluidity

Question 13

When the temperature is high, does cholesterol decrease or increase the fluidity of the membrane?

Answer 13

decrease

Question 14

Which has more protein? myelin or mitochondria membrane?

Answer 14

mitochondria

Question 15

What percent lipid is the plasma membrane of human blood cells?

Answer 15

30%

Question 16

What is myelin?

Answer 16

membrane that insulates nerve fibers

Question 17

All transmembrane proteins are?

Answer 17

integral and permanently in the membrane

Question 18

Where do peripheral membrane proteins attach?

Answer 18

the lipid bilayer or integral proteins

Question 19

what is glycolax

Answer 19

glycoprotein polysaccharide that surrounds the cell membrane of some bacteria and other cells like epithelial

Question 20

what is the main component of cytoplasm?

Answer 20

water

Question 21

what is cytosol?

Answer 21

just the liquid part of cytoplasm

Question 22

which organelles are part of the endomembrane system?

Answer 22

ER, golgi, nuclear envelope, vesicles

Question 23

which organelle stores the blueprints for all structural proteins?

Answer 23

nucleus

Question 24

what are the 3 main structures of the nucleus?

Answer 24

chromatin, nucleoli, nuclear envelope

Question 25

The inner surface of the nuclear envelope has what?

Answer 25

DNA attachment sites

Question 26

Pores span which membrane?

Answer 26

Nuclear envelope

Question 27

Where is ribosomal RNA transcribed and assembled?

Answer 27

nucleolus

Question 28

Where does polypeptide synthesis happen?

Answer 28

ribosomes

Question 29

Where are lipids assembled?

Answer 29

Smooth ER tubules

Question 30

What does the smooth Er of the liver do?

Answer 30

Inactivates waste

Question 31

What is function of the golgi body?

Answer 31

put finishing touches on proteins and lipids that arrive from ER Package final materials for shipment materials arrive and leave in vesicles

Question 32

Lysosomes are a type of?

Answer 32

vesicle

Question 33

Which organelles are thought to have been created when a eukaryote engulfed a prokaryote? What is the theory called?

Answer 33

Mitochondria and chloroplasts | endosymbiotic theory

Question 34

Mitochondria and cholorplasts have their own?

Answer 34

DNA, RNA, ribosomes

Question 35

Where is ATP produced?

Answer 35

mitochondria

Question 36

What are the folds where the mitochondria membrane folds back on itself called?

Answer 36

christae

Question 37

Where is krebs cycle and where is ATP produced?

Answer 37

krebs- matrix | ATP- inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 38

What is the semi fluid interior of the chloroplast called?

Answer 38

stroma

Question 39

What are thylakoids?

Answer 39

Flattened disks in chlorrplasts that contain chlorophyll

Question 40

WHat is a stack of thylakoids called?

Answer 40

granum

Question 41

Which organelle helps the plant attract animals and insects?

Answer 41

central vacoule

Question 42

What are cell walls mostly composed of?

Answer 42

cellulose

Question 43

What is the extracellular matrix?

Answer 43

layer of cell secretions of animal cells that protect, support, and help cells communicate

Question 44

What are cell junctions?

Answer 44

structures used for cellular communication or adherance

Question 45

What are the cell junctions of plants called?

Answer 45

plasmodesmata

Question 46

What are the 4 types of animal cell junctions?

Answer 46

tight junctions adhereing junctions desmosomes gap junctions

Question 47

What type of tissue are tight junctions found in?

Answer 47

epithelial

Question 48

Which type of junction links the actin cytoskeleton fo neighboring cells?

Answer 48

adhering

Question 49

What is a desmosome?

Answer 49

localized structure specialized for cell adhesion | help resist shearing forces

Question 50

what do hemidesmosomes do?

Answer 50

attach one cell to extracellular matrix

Question 51

What do gap junctions do?

Answer 51

connect cytoplasm of two cells to allow materials to pass through

Question 52

What is the basis for cell shape and internal organization?

Answer 52

cytoskeleton

Question 53

What are the 3 types of cytoskeleton

Answer 53

microfillaments intermediate fillaments microtubuloes

Question 54

Which cytoskeleton is made up of the protein actin?

Answer 54

microfilaments

Question 55

What are the functions of microfilaments?

Answer 55

strengthen cell surface | changes in cell during endo/exocytosis

Question 56

Which cytoskeleton is made of tough rope-like proteins?

Answer 56

intermediate filaments

Question 57

Where do most of the microtubules radiate from?

Answer 57

centrosome

Question 58

What determines the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles?

Answer 58

microtubulues

Question 59

What is a barrell shaped cluster of microtubules called?

Answer 59

centroile

Question 60

What are extensions of the membrane to increase surface area?

Answer 60

microvilli

Question 61

What are mircovilli anchored by?

Answer 61

microfillaments

Question 62

How are cillia and flagella formed?

Answer 62

microtubules arrange in a 9+2 anexoneme

Question 63

where are the cillia and flagella located?

Answer 63

within the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 64

Where are basal bodies located?

Answer 64

at the base of each cillium/flagella