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Human Anatomy > Chapter 4: Genetics & Cellular Funcution > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Genetics & Cellular Funcution Flashcards

1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Double helix
*Spiral staicase
Uniform diameter- 2nm
*length varies

Polymer of nucleotides

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2
Q

Components of DNA

BPD

A

Bases

  • Purines (adenine, guanine)
  • Pyrimadines (cytosine, thyamine)

Phosphate Group

Deoxyribose (sugar)

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

Material that make up chromosomes of organisms

Consists of: RNA, DNA, and proteins

  • 46 chromosomes
  • 6 ft thread packed in cell nucleus
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4
Q

Histones

A

Proteins crucial for DNA packing

  • Group of 8 molecules
  • DNA winds around
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5
Q

Nucleosome

A

Basic repeating subunits of chromatin

Consist of:

  • Histone cluster with DNA around
  • Linker DNA- short DNA connecting core particles

Chromatin thrown into complex, irregular loops and coils

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

A doubled rod of condensed chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic information.

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7
Q

Chromatids

A

one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome

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8
Q

Centromere

A

pinched area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

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9
Q

Kinetochore

A

Protein plaque on the sides of the centromere

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10
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Components? RU
Types?

A

Single chain- shorter DNA
Interrupts DNA to Synthesize protein
Works in Cytoplasm

Components:

  • Ribose (sugar)
  • Uracil

Types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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11
Q

Gene

A

Individual segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein

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12
Q

Genome

A

All genes of one person

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13
Q

Genetic Code

A

System that enables these four nucleotides (A, T, C, G) to cods for the amino acids sequence of all proteins

*Minimum code to symbolize 20 amino acid= 3 NT per AA

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14
Q

Base Triplet

A

Sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that stand for one amino acid

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15
Q

Codon

A

The 3-base sequence in mRNA

*65 possible to rep for 20 Amino Acids

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16
Q

Exons

A

“Sense” portions of the immature RNA

* Will translate to proteins

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17
Q

Introns

A

“Nonsense” portions of the immature RNA

*Must be removed before translation

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18
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

Removing the introns by enzymes and splicing the exons together into functional RNA molecules

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19
Q

Translation

3 Stages? Tie

A

The process that converts the language of nucleotides into language or amino acids

3 Stages:

  • Termination
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
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20
Q

Chaperone Proteins

A

Older proteins that pick up new proteins and guide them into folding into the proper shape

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21
Q

Mutations & How You Obtain Them

A

Changes in DNA structure due to replication errors or environmental factors

ex: radiation, viruses, chemicals

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22
Q

Effects of Mutations

A

Some have no ill effects

Others kill the cell, turn into cancerous, or cause genetic defects in future generations

23
Q

4 Main Phases of the Cell Cycle

A

G1: first gap phase
S: synthesis phase(DNA replication)
G2: second gap phase
M: mitotic phase( cell division)

24
Q

G1: Frist Gap Phase

A

interval between cell division and DNA replication

*preforms normal functions

25
Q

S: Synthesis Phase

A

DNA replication

26
Q

G2: Second Gap Phase

A

Interval between DNA replication and cell division

27
Q

M: Mitotic Phase

A

Cell division

28
Q

Mitosis

A

A body cell doubles its DNA and then divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells

29
Q

4 Stages of Mitosis

PMAT

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

30
Q

Prophase

A
  • Nuclear envelope disintegrates
  • Chromosomes formed
  • Spindel fibers are created
31
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes align on the cell equator

* Spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores

32
Q

Anaphase

A
  • activation of cleaving enzymes

* spindle fibers pull chromatids to polar sides of the cell

33
Q

Telophase

A
  • chromatids cluster on both sides an uncoil
  • nuclear envelope formed
  • spindle fibers disintegrate
34
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm into two cells

35
Q

Meiosis

A

Production of four gametes(haploid cells), each with only half DNA of the diploid cells

36
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring

37
Q

Karyotype

A

Chart of our 46 chromosomes laid out by size

38
Q

Diploid(2n)

A

Any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes (somatic cells)

39
Q

Haploid(n)

A

Contain half as many chromosomes as somatic cells (germ cells)

ex: sperm and egg cells

40
Q

Locus

A

Location of a particular gene on a chromosome

41
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of a gene at same locus on two homologous chromosomes

42
Q

Dominant

A

Capital Letter

  • Masks the effect of any recessive allele present
  • Produce protein responsable for visible trait
43
Q

Recessive

A

Lower Case Letter

  • Expressed only if on both homologous chromosomes
  • No dominant allele at locus
44
Q

Genotype

A

Alleles that an individual possesses for a particular trait

45
Q

Homozygous Allele

A

Two identical alleles for a trait

46
Q

Heterozygous Allele

A

Different alleles for that gene

47
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable Trait

48
Q

Carrier

A

Carry the recessive allele but do not express it

49
Q

Gene Pool

A

Genetic make up of a whole population

50
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles are equally dominant
ex: blood type, AB

(both are expressed)

51
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Phenotype intermediate between traits each allele would have produced alone
ex: skin tone

52
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Genes at two or more loci contribute to a single phenotype

ex:eye color

53
Q

Pleiotropy

A

One gene produces multiple phenotypic effects

54
Q

Sex Linked Traits

A

carried on the X and Y chromosomes

Inherited by one sex vs. the others

ex: color blindness

Human Anatomy (19 decks)

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