Chapter 4 Infant Physical Development Flashcards by Niklas Luloff

Infant Physical Development, we are looking at what ages?

Neonate to 5 years of age.

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Physical Growth of infants

Girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys
they gain baby fat until about 9 months, then get slimmer
grow in spurts

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You can tell when babies are going through a growth spurt when…

they are cranky, they are feverish, and when they have an increase in hunger.

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When is the 2nd most rapid growth spurt?

Infancy

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When is the 1st and 3rd?

1st = prenatal
3rd = adolescence

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What are the different type of growth trends?

Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal

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What is Cephalocaudal?

When the lower part of the body grows later than the head. (“Head to tail”)

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What is Proximodistal?

When the extremities grow later than the head, chest, and trunk. (“Near to far”)

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The head is the fastest growing part of the body early in life, This is the _________ trend?

cephalocaudal

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Skeletal Growth in infants… (Anatomy Review question)

Fontanels, sutures, bone shaft, growth plate, and upper epiphysis.

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Why are fontanels so important? (2 main reasons)

1- allows for head deformation during birth through the vaginal canal
2- allows for brain development to to the age of 2

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What happens if there is a genotype problem with the child?

Medical intervention can help the child phenotypically

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What happens if there is growth plate damage?

There will be damaged growth.

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Why should we choose breast milk over formula milk?

Breast milk has antibodies, vitamins and produces what the baby needs. It also helps mom lose the baby weight due to high metabolic rate and has a low chance of getting pregnant again due to lactation.

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What is a wet nurse?

Is a woman that is giving a mother her breast milk for the babies formula.

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When should you introduce “solid” foods within the babies diet?

During the 6 month period of the babies life.

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What does this “solid” food look like?

Mushy

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Should you incorporate more than one food in a babies diet a day?

No, you should only incorporate 1 new food item a day due to allergies and GI reactions.

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Should you give your baby honey?

No, it is bad for babies as it holds a bacteria that they cannot break down yet. It is very thick and they can choke on it as well as it containing a lot of sugar.

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Malnutrition and its two types:

Marasmus and Kwashiorkor

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What is Marasmus?

It is a type of malnutrition that results in malnourishment

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What is Kwashiorkor?

It is a type of malnutrition that results in not having enough protein

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What is synaptic pruning?

when the neurons that are not being used are eliminated in order to increase the space and efficiency of neural transmissions.

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What is branching?

connections b/w neurons

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What is the myelin sheath?

A protective covering over the axon which allows for fast and efficient transmissions to occur.

Glial cells are...?

most abundant cells within the CNS + protect neuron

The fatty substance that builds up on the neurons is _______ and it ________.

myelin; speeds up transmissions

The four types of lobes are:

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

What are indentions of the brain called?

Sulci

What are the folds and bumps of the brain called?

Gyri

Name the different types of cortexes:

Motor, sensory, auditory, visual

What does the motor cortex control?

fine motor skills, gross motor, writing, etc.

What does the sensory cortex control?

sensation, fingers, mouth, face, afferent and efferent neurons.

What does the auditory cortex control?

frequencies and sound

What does the visual cortex control?

sight

What is a motor homunculus?

basically shows the part of the body if the body grew in similarity with the cortexes.

What is proprioception?

When we are aware of where out body parts are without seeing them

What is the prefrontal association complex?

it allows for planning actions and movements as well as abstract thought

Within infancy, which lobe is not as processed or used?

Frontal, low filter

What is the limbic system and its functions?

involved with emotion (amygdala) and memory (hippocampus)

Limbic system and abnormal effects:

PTSD and multiple personality disorder

Frontal lobe functions:

planning and abstract thought

Temporal lobe functions:

hearing

Occipital lobe functions:

sight

Pariteal lobe functions;

sensation and perception

What separates the left and right hemisphere?

Corpos callosum

Broca's area is:

production of speech

Wrenicke's area is:

speech comprehension

Left Hemisphere

``` sensory information control of right side of body verbal abilities positive emotion sequential and analytical processing ```

Right Hemisphere

``` sensory information control left side of the body spatial abilities negative emotion holistic processing ```

The left hemisphere is related to?

language and analytical thought

Cerebellum's function is...

understanding, balance, and is now tied to social functioning.

Why are individuals with autism socially awkward?

Their cerebellum is not functioning properly

REM decreases substantially when we grow? True or False

True

We are more likely to wake up during REM sleep? True or False

True

Sleep is vital because?

It helps with stimulating the brain for normal development

Boys are more active than girls? True or False

True

Pavlov introduced what kind of conditioning?

Classical Conditioning

What is classical conditioning?

Conditioning one into behaving or reacting in a specific way

Parts of classical conditioning include?

unconditioned response, conditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, and conditioned stimulus

What can be conditioned in infants?

Reflexive/involuntary actions

Operant Conditioning is harder for babies due to?

low voluntary behavior

When can you perform operant conditioning on babies?

Once they develop behavior, which then can be changed

Habituation is...

You getting used to something

Dishabituation is...

recovered or restored behavioral response or habituation

We habituate and dishabituate easily to...?

Smell and sound

Do newborns have the ability to imitate?

Yes, they reflex and use their reflex neurons

With imitation or reflexing actions, what helps?

Play stage

Imitation helps generate positive relationships? True or False

True

When does novelty occur?

when a baby starts to understand faces and who their primary care givers are

Classical conditioning is...

easy to accomplish with neonates

Gross motor milestones follow what?

Cepholacaudal and Proximodistal trends

Pre-reaching is?

Palmar grasp

Reaching is?

Ulnar grasp with two hands and then one (b/w 2-3 months)

Ulnar grasp is?

adjusting grip to object and helps move objects to other hand (3 1/2 months)

Pincer (radial) grasp is?

Develops 12 months of life uses phalanges one and two

The ulnar grasp:

is voluntary and develops around 3-5 months