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Unit 8 > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

1
Q

A new growth of cells or a mass clump of them is called a?

A

Tumor

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2
Q

What does benign mean?

A

Do NOT spread to other body parts

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3
Q

_______ tumor invade and destroy nearby tissues. They can spread to other body parts

A

Malignant

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4
Q

If cancer is not treated and controlled, cancer cells break off the tumor and travel to other body parts, this is called…?

A

Metastasis

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5
Q

What spreads cancer to other body parts?

A

Metastasis

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6
Q

Treatment for cancer depends on the tumor…?

A
  • Type
  • Size
  • If it has spread
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7
Q

What are common cancer treatments?

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Chemotherapy
  3. Radiation therapy
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8
Q

What are the two arthritis?

A
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Rheumadtoid arthritis (RA)
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9
Q

Which arthritis occurs on both sides of the body?

A

RA

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10
Q

Cartilage at the ends of bones is damaged and wears away, causing bones to rub together, which arthritis is this?

A

Osteoarthritis

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11
Q

_____ is an autoimmune disorder that attacks the lining of the joints, causing inflammation and painful swelling

A

RA

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12
Q

What are the 5 risk factors for arthritis?

A
  1. Aging
  2. Over-weight
  3. Biological sex
  4. Joint injury
  5. Family history
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13
Q

T/F: Arthritis is more common in men

A

False: It’s women

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14
Q

Osteoarthritis and RA have no _____

A

Cure

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15
Q

What is it called when a person gets a surgical replacement of a joint?

A

Arthroplasty

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16
Q

The bone becomes porous and brittle, causing the bones to become fragile and may break easily, this is?

A

Osteoporosis

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17
Q

What vitamin supplements should be order for a person with osteoporosis?

A

Vitamin D & Calcium

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18
Q

What is the first sign of osteoporosis?

A

A broken bone

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19
Q

A ______ is a broken bone

A

fracture

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20
Q

A person has a broken bone that has come through the skin, what fracture is this?

A

Open fracture (compound)

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21
Q

A person has a broken bone but the skin is intact, what fracture is this?

A

Closed fracture (simple)

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22
Q

Healing a fracture can take __ to __ weeks or longer depending on ____

A
  • 6 to 8 weeks
  • depending on age
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23
Q

For healing fractures, bone ends are brought into and held in normal position, what is this called?

A

Reduction & fixation

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24
Q

What is the difference between reduction and fixation?

A
  • Reduction: bone is moved back into place
  • Fixation: Bone is held in place
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25
Q

What is the difference between closed & open reduction?

A

In open reduction, the bone is surgically exposed. Closed the bone is NOT exposed

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26
Q

What is the difference between external & internal fixation?

A
  • External: Pins, wires and screws on outside of skin
  • Internal: Pins, wires, screws are surgically placed
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27
Q

A plaster cast dries in ___ to ___ hours

A

24 to 48 hours

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28
Q

What is applied to the cast first to protect the skin?

A

Stockinette & padding

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29
Q

With ______, a steady pull from 2 directions keeps the bone in place

A

Traction

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30
Q

What is avoided after hip surgery?

A
  • Adduction
  • Internal & external rotation
  • Severe hip flexion
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31
Q

What are severe post-operative problems after hip surgery?

A
  • UTI
  • Pneumonia
  • Thrombi
  • Constipation
  • Pressure injuries
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32
Q

An artificial replacement for a missing body part is called?

A

Prosthesis

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33
Q

A person has gangrene when there is death of _____

A

tissue

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34
Q

What two things can cause loss of limb?

A

Amputation & gangrene

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35
Q

For hip fracture care, you want to keep the leg _______ at all times

A

abducted

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36
Q

What’s another term for stroke?

A

brain attack or cerebrovascular accident

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37
Q

A stroke can occur when these 2 things happen:

A
  • Blood vessel in brain bursts
  • Blood clot blocks a blood vessel in brain
38
Q

Nausea, vomiting, seizures, or loss of consciousness are signs & symptoms of a _______

A

stroke

39
Q

What is the precursor to a stroke?

A

Transient Ischemic attack (TIA)

40
Q

a brief episode of neurological dysfunction resulting from an interruption in the blood supply to the brain or the eye. This is called?

A

(TIA) Transient Ischemic attack

41
Q

During a stroke, the persons left side of the face is drooping, this is?

A

TIA

42
Q

What are three effects from a stroke?

A
  1. Hemiplegia
  2. Dysphagia
  3. Aphasia
43
Q

Paralysis on 1 side of the body is called?

A

Hemiplegia

44
Q

________ disease is when nerve cells do not produce enough dopamine

A

Parkinson’s disease

45
Q

What disease is a progressive disorder affecting movement?

A

Parkinson’s

46
Q

What are the main signs of parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Tremors
  • Rigid, stiff muscles
  • Slow movement
  • Stooped posture
  • Impaired balance
47
Q

For stroke care measures, how should you position the patient?

A

Side-lying to prevent aspiration

48
Q

What position should the bed be in for stroke care measures?

A

Semi-fowlers

49
Q

Which sclerosis affects the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscles?

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ASL)

50
Q

ASL usually strikes persons between __ to __ years of age

A

55 to 75

51
Q

Muscles weaken, waste away, and twitch. Over time, the brain cannot start or conrol voluntary movements. What sclerosis is this?

A

(ALS) or Lou Gehrig’s disease

52
Q

Paraplegia occurs from ______ & ______ injuries in the spinal cord

A
  • Lumbar
  • Thoracic
53
Q

When a person has a cervical injury in their spinal cord, this can cause…?

A

Quadriplegia

54
Q

When do symptoms of multiple sclerosis start?

A

ages 20 to 40

55
Q

Changes in level of consciousness causes the person to be unresponsive but can be briefly aroused by a strong stimulus (such as pain), this person is in a state of ______

A

stupor

56
Q

A systolic pressure between ____ and ___ mm Hg signals hypertension

A

130 to 139

57
Q

A dystolic pressure between __ and __ mmHg may signal hypertension

A

80 and 89

58
Q

The coronary arteries become hardened and narrow. The heart muscles gets less blood and O2, what disease is this?

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

59
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Plaque build up in artery walls

60
Q

What are the major complications of CAD?

A
  • Angina
  • Heart attack
  • heart failure
  • irregular heart beats
  • sudden death
61
Q

What is it called when a person has chest pain from reduced blood flow to part of the heart muscle?

A

Angina

62
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Myocardial Infarction from CAD?

A
  • Chest pain
  • Back, neck, jaw, shoulder, stomach, or arm pain
  • Cold sweat
  • Nausea, Vomiting
63
Q

A person who experiences ____ should dissolve nitroglycerin under the tongue.

A

angina

64
Q

___ causes part of the heart muscle to die from sudden blockage of blood flow in a coronary artery

A

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

65
Q

______ refers to the heart muscle, _____ means tissue death

A
  • Myocardial
  • Infarction
66
Q

____ occurs when the weakened heart cannot pump normally

A

(CHF) Congestive heart failure

67
Q

____ causes the blood to back up, tissue congestion, & heart failure due to over-worked heart muscle.

A

(CHF) Congestive heart failure

68
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involves 2 disorders:

A

emphysema & chronic bronchitis

69
Q

In ________, the alveoli are damaged

A

emphysema

70
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

inflammation of the bronchi causing narrow airway

71
Q

Which respiratory disorder causes the “smokers cough”?

A

Chronic bronchitis

72
Q

A person has a respiratory infection caused by a virus, this is called?

A

Influenza (flu)

73
Q

Standard precaution & Droplet precaution are needed for ______

A

influenza

74
Q

________ means inflammation and infection of lung & tissue

A

Pneumonia

75
Q

Standard & Transmission-based precautions are needed for _____

A

Pneumonia

76
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

bacterial infection in the lungs

77
Q

___ is spread by airborne droplets with coughing, sneezing, speaking, laughing

A

TB

78
Q

With ______, the airways become inflamed and narrow, usually triggered by allergies.

A

Asthma

79
Q

What safety precautions should you follow when a patient is vomiting?

A

Standard & Bloodborne Pathogen

80
Q

If a persons vomit looks like it has coffee grounds, it contains _____

A

Blood

81
Q

When a person is vomiting, measure the _____. Provide ___ hygiene

A
  • Measure output
  • Provide oral hygiene
82
Q

Small pouches can develop in the colon, these pouches buldge outward through weak spots in the colon wall. What is this disease?

A

Diverticular disease

83
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Chronic inflammation of the GI tract

84
Q

The two types of IBD are

A
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Ulcerative colitis
85
Q

Hep E is spread by?

A

Contaminated water

86
Q

How is Hep C & D spread?

A

Spread by infected blood

87
Q

How is Hep B spread?

A

Contact with blood & body fluid

88
Q

How is Hep A spread?

A

Fecal-oral route

89
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A

Chronic liver damage

90
Q

yellowing of skin and eyes, fatigue, weight
gain/loss, brownish/orange urine, fluid
retention, loss of appetite, and blood in stool. A person with _______ may have these symptoms

A

Cirrhosis

91
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

Blood sugar is too high

Unit 8 (3 decks)

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