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Biology 112 > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

1
Q

What challenges do all animals face?

A
  1. Obtain nutrients and oxygen
  2. Excrete wastes
  3. Reproduce
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2
Q

Why is there such diversity in animal form?

A

Natural selection

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3
Q

Natural selection

A

Individuals with adaptable heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

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4
Q

Individuals with adaptable heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

A

natural selection

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5
Q

What does natural selection result in a correlation of?

A

form (anatomy) to biological function (physiology) - form fits function

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6
Q

What affects the way animals interact with the environment?

A

Size and shape

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7
Q

Laws of physics govern what?

A

all aspects of body size and shape

  • strength
  • diffusion
  • movement
  • heat exchange
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8
Q

Fusiform body shape

A

tapered at both ends

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9
Q

Why do swimming animals have fusiform body shape?

A

To swim quickly

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10
Q

What do larger organisms require for support?

A

Thicker skeletons and more muscle

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11
Q

Larger body size –> more muscle –> …

A

limited mobility

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12
Q

What must animals exchange with their environment?

A

nutrients, waste products, and gases

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13
Q

Where does exchange occur?

A

across plasma membrane of each cell *each cell requires an aqueous environment

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14
Q

What is the rate of exchange proportional to?

A

membrane surface area

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15
Q

What has a direct effect on how the animal exchanges energy and materials with its surroundings?

A

Animal size and shape

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16
Q

What happens to surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) as animals get larger without changing shape?

A

SA:V decreases, resulting in less surface area to support chemical activity (metabolic needs/exchange)

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17
Q

How can organisms maximize surface area?

A
  1. flattening
  2. folding
  3. branching
  4. projections
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18
Q

How do simple body plans exchange with the environment?

A
  1. maximize exposure of cells to aqueous environment
  2. simple diffusion
  3. facilitated diffusion
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19
Q

How do complex body plans exchange with the environment?

A

increasing the number of cells decreases the other surface area to volume ratio

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20
Q

What would lower S:V mean?

A

materials can’t reach all parts of a cell quickly (can’t meet metabolic needs)

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21
Q

What do all cells of complex body plans need to be surrounded by?

A

interstitial fluid (fluid between cells)

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22
Q

How do complex organisms increase surface area for exchange

A

highly folded internal surfaces for exchanging materials

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23
Q

What do body fluids link in complex body plans?

A

exchange surfaces to cells

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24
Q

Exchange surface circulatory fluid … cells

A

interstitial fluid

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25
Disadvantage of complex body plans?
more energy required for exchange
26
Benefits of complexity
specialized organ systems help maintain homeostasis in a variable external environment
27
Four types of tissues in animals
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous
28
Epithelial Tissue form
sheets of tightly packed cells, apical and basal surface
29
Apical Surface
free surface exposed to fluid or air
30
Basal surface
attached to connective tissue
31
Epithelial tissue function
outside covering, lines organs and body cavities, secretion/absorption
32
outside covering
barrier against mechanical injury, microbes, fluid loss
33
Epithelium tissue shapes
1. Cuboidal 2. Columnar 3. Squamous
34
Form of connective tissue
contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout extracellular matrix (ECM)
35
What does the matrix consist of?
fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation
36
Three types of fibers (all made of protein)
1. Collagenous fibers 2. Reticular fibers 3. Elastic fibers
37
Collagenous fibers
provide strength and flexibility
38
Reticular fibers
join connective tissues together
39
Elastic fibers
stretch and snap back to original length
40
Form of muscle tissue
consists of contractile filaments made of the proteins actin and myosin
41
Nervous tissue form
made up of nerve cells (neurons) and glial cells (glia)
42
Nervous tissue functions
Receive, process, and trasmit information
43
What do tissues, organs, and organ systems work together to do?
coordinate and control response to stimuli (changing environment)
44
Homeostasis
the maintenance on internal balance
45
How do organisms maintain homeostasis?
1. Negative feedback | 2. Positive feedback
46
Set point
the temperature that an animal tries to maintain
47
Sensor
detects stimulus
48
Stimulus
A fluctuation inthe variable above or below the set point
49
Tolerance curve
shows conditions that an organism can survive in
50
Negative feedback
reduces or dampens the stimulus (most mechanism of homeostasis involve negative feedback)
51
Positive feedback
Amplifies the stimulus (few examples for homeostasis)
52
Alterations in homeostatic conditions
Puberty, menstrual cycle, circadian rhythm
53
Regulated change
acclimatization
54
Acclimatization
an organism adjusts to a change in its environment, allowing it to maintain homeostasis
55
Acclimatization is a _______ change during an individuals lifetime
temporary (not to be confused with adaptation/population level changes)
56
Poikilotherm
Body temp. varies with environment
57
Homeotherm
body temp. remains relatively constant despite environmental change
58
Ectothermic
heat is gained from external sources
59
endothermic
heat is gained from internal metabolism (organism generates own heat)
60
Example of ectothermic
non-avian reptiles, fishes, amphibians, most inverts.
61
Example of endothermic
mammals, birds, many insects, some fish and some non-avian reptiles
62
Torpor
the inactive state hummingbirds enter when their body temperature drops considerably
63
Advantages of endothermy
1. can be active at night and during winter | 2. can sustain high levels of aerobic activity
64
Disadvantages of endothermy
1. need to eat a lot of high energy food to maintain metabolic rates 2. energy to produce heat isn't available for growth and reproduction
65
Advantages of ectothermy
1. can survive with less intake of food than endotherms
66
Advantages of ectothermy
1. can survive with less intake of food than endotherms | 2. more energy for growth
67
Disadvantages of ectothermy
1. muscle activity and digestion slow as environmental temp drops, causing body temp. to decrease as well 2. can't maintain extended period of activity 3. restricted to warmer climates
68
Thermoregulation > heat loss =
heat gain
69
Radiation
emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero
70
Evaporation
Removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas
71
Balancing heat loss and gain
1. radiation 2. evaporation 3. convection 4. conduction
72
Convection
transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface
73
Conduction
direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in contact with each other
74
Five adaptations that help animals thermoregulate
1. insulation 2. circulatory adaptations 3. cooling by evaporative heat loss 4. behavioral responses 5. adjusting metabolic heat production
75
Countercurrent heat exchange
transfer of heat between fluid flowing in opposite directions (reduces heat loss via convection)
76
Bioenergetics
the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
77
What does bioenergetics determine?
how much food an animal needs
78
What does bioenergetics relate to?
an animal's size, activity, and environment
79
Metabolic rate
the sum of all the energy an animal uses per unit time
80
how can energy be measured?
joules (J) or calories (cal) and kilocalories (kcal)
81
What must animals maintain for basic functions?
a minimum metabolic rate
82
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a "comfortable" temperature
83
Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)
Metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature
84
Both BMR and SMR assume animal is:
1. nongrowing 2. fasting 3. not stressed

Biology 112 (13 decks)

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