Chapter 42.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What must every organism do?

A

Exchange materials with its environment

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2
Q

How do exchanges usually occur?

A

at the cellular level by crossing the plasma membrane

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3
Q

How do exchanges occur in unicellular organisms

A

directly with the environment

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4
Q

An example of a specialized exchange system in animals

A

gills - O2 diffuses from the water into blood vessels and CO2 diffuses from blood into the water

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5
Q

How do small molecules move between cells and their surroundings?

A

diffusion

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6
Q

Why is diffusion only efficient over small distances

A

the time it takes to diffuse is proportional to the square of the distance - thus diffusion time increases exponentially with distance

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7
Q

How do most animals exchange materials with the environment

A

a fluid-filled circulatory system

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8
Q

What does a gastrovascular cavity funcion in?

A

the digestion and distribution of substances throughout the body

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9
Q

What does a circulatory system have?

A
  1. a circulatory fluid
  2. a set of interconnecting vessels
  3. a muscular pump (heart)
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10
Q

The circulatory system connects the fluid that surrounds cells with the organs that:

A
  1. exchange gases
  2. absorb nutrients
  3. dispose of wastes
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11
Q

In insects, other arthropods, and some molllusce, what is the circulatory fluid called?

A

Hemolymph

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12
Q

Hemolymph

A

bathes the organs directly in an open circulatory system

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13
Q

What has closed circulatory systems?

A

Annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates

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14
Q

What is the closed circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates called?

A

the cardiovascular system

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15
Q

The three main types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, and capillaries

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16
Q

What do arteries branch into?

A

arterioles

17
Q

What do arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heart to capillaries

18
Q

What are networks of capillaries called?

A

capillary beds

19
Q

Capillary beds

A

the sites of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

20
Q

What do venules converge into?

A

veins

21
Q

What do venules do?

A

return blood from capillaries to the heart

22
Q

What are arteries and veins distinguished b?

A

the direction of blood flow

23
Q

How many chambers do vertebrate hearts contain?

A

Two or more

24
Q

Where does blood enter through and where is it pumped out through

A

atrium; ventricle

25
Q

Single circulation

A

blood leaving the heart passes through two capillary beds before returning

26
Q

Double circulation

A

oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart

27
Q

In reptiles and mammals, oxygen-poor blood flows through the….

A

pulmonary circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs

28
Q

In amphibians, oxygen-poor blood flows through the…

A

pulmoncutaneous circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs and skin

29
Q

How does oxygen-rich blood deliver oxygen?

A

through the systemic circuit

30
Q

What does double circulation maintain that single circulation doesn’t?

A

higher blood pressure in the organs

31
Q

Where does the ventricle pump blood?

A

into a forked artery that splits the ventricle’s output into the pulmocutaneous circuit and the systemic circuit

32
Q

Turtles, snakes, and lizards have a three-chambered heart:

A

two atria and one ventricle, partially divided by an incomplete septum

33
Q

In alligators, caimans, and other crocodilians

A

a septum divides the ventricles but pulmonary and systemic circuits connect where arteries exit the heart

34
Q

Mammals and birds

A

have a four-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles

35
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

pumps and receives only oxygen-rich blood

36
Q

What does the left side of teh heart do?

A

receives and pumps only oxygen-poor blood

37
Q

Why are mammalian hearts different in design?

A

Mammals and birds are endotherms and require more O2 than ectotherms