Chapter 42.4 Flashcards by Faith Swartz

With open circulation, what is the fluid continuous with

the fluid surrounding all body cells

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What do the closed circulatory systems of vertebrates contain

a more highly specialized fluid called blood

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Plasma

a liquid matrix

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What is blood in vertebrates?

a connective tissue consisting of several kinds of cells suspended in plasma

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What percent of the volume on blood do cellular elements occupy

45%

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What does plasma contain?

inorganic salts as dissolved ions, sometimes called electrolytes

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what do plasma proteins influence

blood pH

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What do plasma proteins help maintain

osmotic balance between blood and interstitial fluid

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What do particular plasma proteins function in

lipid transport, immunity, and blood clotting

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What is plasma similar in composition to

interstitial fluid; but plasma has a much higher protein concentration

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Suspended in blood plasma are two types of cells

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

2. White blood cells (leukocytes)

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Red blood cells

transport O2

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White blood cells

function in defense

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Platelets

fragments of cells that are involved in clotting

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fragments of cells that are involved in clotting

platelets

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The most numerous blood cells

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

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What do red blood cells contain

hemoglobin

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hemoglobin

the iron-containing protein that transports O2

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the iron-containing protein that transports O2

hemoglobin

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What does each molecule of hemoglobin do

binds up to four molecules of O2

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In mammals, what do mature erythroctes lack

a nuclei and mitochondria

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What is sickle-cell disease caused by

abnormal hemoglobin proteins that form aggregates

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What do the aggregates do

deform an erythrocyte into a sickle shape

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What can sickle cells do

rupture or block blood vessels

Five major types of white blood cells (leukocytes)

1. monocytes 2. neutrophils 3. basophils 4. eosinophils 5. lmphocytes

How do white blood cells function in defense

either by 1. phagocytizing bacteria and debris 2. mounting immune responses against foreign substances

Where are leukocytes found

both in and outside of the circulatory system

What are platelets

fragments of cells that function in blood clotting

What do erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all develope from

a common source of stem cells in the red marrow of the bones, especially ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis

The hormone erythropoietin (EPO)

stimulates erythrocyte production when O2 delivery is low

erythropoietin (EPO)

What can physicians use recombinant EPO to treat

anemia

What is coagulation

the formation of a solid clot from liquid blood

coagulation

what does a cascade of complex reactions do

convert inactive fibrinogen to fibrin (forming a clot)

A blood clot formed within a blood vessel

thrombus

a blood clot formed within a blood vessel

what can a thrombus do

block blood flow

Cardiovascular diseases

disorders of the heart and the blood vessels

What is the range of cardiovascular diseases

minor disturbances of vein or heart function to life-threatening disruptions of blood flow to the heart of brain

A type of cardiovascular disease caused by the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) within arteries

atherosclerosis

what is atherosclerosis caused by

the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) within arteries

what is a key player in the development of atherosclerosis

cholesterol

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

scavenges excess cholesterol for return to the liver

What does risk for heart disease increase with

a high LDL to HDL ratio

What is also a factor in cardiovascular disease

inflammation

What is a heart attack (mocardial infarction)

the damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

What is a stroke

the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head

What is angina pectoris

chest pain caused by partial blockage of the coronary arteries

A high LDL/HDL ratio...

increases the risk of cardiovascular disease

What can the proportion of LDL relative to HDL be decreased by

exercise and avoiding smoking and foods with trans fats

what do drugs called statins reduce

LDL levels and risk of heart attacks

What plays a role in atherosclerosis and thrombus formation

inflammation

What does aspirin inhibit

inflammation

What does aspirin reduce

the risk of heart attacks and stroke

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

contributes to heart attack and stroke, as well as other health problems

What can hypertension be controlled by

dietary changes, exercise, and/or medication