Chapter 42.7 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the metabolic demands of many organisms require

A

that the blood transort large quantities of O2 and CO2

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2
Q

Blood arriving in the lungs has a…

A

low partial pressure of O2 and a high partial pressure of CO2 relative to air in the alveoli

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3
Q

what happens in the alveoli

A

O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses into the air

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4
Q

what happens in tissue capillaries

A

partial pressure gradients favor diffusion of O2 into the interstitial fluids and CO2 into the blood

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5
Q

respiratory pigments

A

proteins that transport oxygen

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6
Q

what do respiratory pigments greatly increase

A

the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

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7
Q

What do arthropods and many molluscs have

A

hemocyanin with copper as the oxygen-binding component

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8
Q

What do most vertebrates and some invertebrates use

A

hemoglobin

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9
Q

what is hemoglobin contained within in vertebrates

A

erythrocytes

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10
Q

What can a single hemoglobin molecule carry

A

for molecules of O2 (one molecule for each iron-containing heme group)

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11
Q

What does the hemoglobin dissociation curve show?

A

that a small change in the partial pressure of oxygen can result in a large change in delivery of O2

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12
Q

What does CO2 produced during cellular respiration lower and decrease

A

blood pH; the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

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13
Q

What is the lowering of blood pH and decrease of the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 called

A

the Bohr shift

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14
Q

What does hemoglobin play a minor role in

A

the transport of CO2 and assistance in buffering the blood

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15
Q

What percent of CO2 from respiring cells diffuses into the blood and is transported in blood plasma

A

7%

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16
Q

what happens to the remainder of the CO2

A

it diffuses into erythrocytes and reacts with water to form H2CO3

17
Q

H2CO3

A

dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate ions (HCO2-)

18
Q

What occurs in the lungs

A

the relative partial pressures of CO2 favor the net diffusion of CO2 out of the blood

19
Q

What adaptations do diving mammals have

A

evolutionary adaptations that allow them to perform extraordinary feats

20
Q

What is the blood to body volume ratio of diving mammals

A

high

21
Q

What do deep-diving air breathers stockpile and deplete slowly

A

O2

22
Q

what can diving mammals store and where

A

oxygen; muscles in myoglobin proteins

23
Q

How else do diving mammals conserve oxygen

A
  1. changing their buoyancy to glide passively
  2. decreasing blood supply to muscles
  3. deriving ATP in muscles from fermentation once oxygen is depleted