Chapter 5

Question 1

It is one of the oldest forms of physical evidence.

Answer 1

Hair examination

Question 2

Its use is older than fingerprints. It is valuable because the hair of each kind of animal is different and distinct for all others.

Answer 2

Hair examination

Question 3

In _____, hair examination was first used as physical evidence.

Answer 3

1847

Question 4

In _____, Rudolph Virchow become the first person to do an in-depth study of hair.

Answer 4

1897

Question 5

In _____, Hugo Marx wrote a paper on the use of hair in forensic investigation to determine identity.

Answer 5

1906

Question 6

In _____, Dr. Paul Kirk works on new ways to improve the use of hair in forensic investigations.

Answer 6

1931

Question 7

_____________ at the crime scene must be done. Use ____________.

Answer 7

Complete search, vacuum cleaner

Question 8

All of the hair in the questioned specimens should be ________ but do not ____ hairs at different places.

Answer 8

submitted, mix

Question 9

________ for and _________ of hair evidence should begin as soon as possible. Hair evidence is easily transferred to and from the crime scene.

Answer 9

Search, collection

Question 10

Collection should be done by?

Answer 10

a) Hand, if the location of the hair is important;
b) Lint rollers; or
c) Special filtered vacuum cleaner – collects hairs and fibers in mass from carpet, bedding, etc.

Question 11

It collects hairs and fibers in mass from carpet, bedding, etc.

Answer 11

Special filtered vacuum cleaner

Question 12

If the evidence is ______ to another object, the entire object should be packaged and labeled (Corpuz, 2015).

Answer 12

stick

Question 13

If lint rollers are used, the entire surface used should be packed into a ______________________ (Corpuz, 2015).

Answer 13

polyethylene storage bag

Question 14

In vicious assault and murder cases, obtain the _________ of the victim from the hospital or morgue to avoid the loss of evidence by careless handling and to prevent the clothing from being destroyed.

Answer 14

clothing

Question 15

_____________________________ from the victim as well as the suspect should be obtained if possible.

Answer 15

Representative samples of hair

Question 16

To be a representative head hair samples from a particular individual, it should consist of at least a ________ hairs from different areas of the scalp and preferably ___________ hair.

Answer 16

dozen, full-length

Question 17

Take from all pertinent regions of the body:

Answer 17

a) 50 head hairs;
b) 24 pubic hairs (Corpuz, 2015).

Question 18

Don’t ______ known samples of hair from different parts of the body.

Answer 18

mix

Question 19

Hair evidence should be looked for in the following:

Answer 19

clothing, combs, weapons, pockets, fingers, hat and etc.

Question 20

Get samples from both _______ and ________ (dead body: head hair and pubic hair). It should be taken before it is buried.

Answer 20

victim, suspect

Question 21

Best way to collect hair is by ________.

Answer 21

combing

Question 22

Hair evidence should be packaged into ___________.

Answer 22

paper packets

Question 23

The hairs should be placed in a ____________ or in a _________________, but the corners of the envelope should be sealed with ___________.

Answer 23

folded paper, white mailing envelope, scotch tape

Question 24

Do not secure the hair samples to a piece of paper with ________ because this will damage the hair.

Answer 24

scotch

Question 25

All __________________ should be removed from the submitted specimen.

Answer 25

foreign fibrous debris

Question 26

__________________ or _________________ are not suitable for examination.

Answer 26

Fragmentary hairs, underdeveloped hairs

Question 27

Areas on an object containing hairs should be protected with ____________ or ________ taped over the area before wrapping the object from transmittal to laboratory.

Answer 27

cellophane, paper

Question 28

Methods of packing hair

Answer 28

pill box or test tube

Question 29

Questioned specimens

Answer 29

druggist powder papers

Question 30

This refers to a specialized ephitilial outgrowth of the skin which occur everywhere on the human body except on the palm of the hands and the sole of the feet.

Answer 30

Hair

Question 31

It is an appendage of the skin.

Answer 31

Hair

Question 32

Hair is not completely ______ but may be _____or _________.

Answer 32

round, oval, flattened

Question 33

Two Kinds of Hair (among mammals including human being)

Answer 33

1. Real Hair 2. Fuzz Hair

Question 34

It refers generally to long and stiff hair.

Answer 34

Real Hair

Question 35

It refers generally to short, fine at times curly and wooly hair.

Answer 35

Fuzz Hair

Question 36

Parts of the Hair

Answer 36

1. Root 2. Shaft 3. Tip

Question 37

It refers to portion of embedded in the skin.

Answer 37

Root

Question 38

It refers to portion above the surface of the skin. It is the most distinctive part of the hair.

Answer 38

Shaft

Question 39

It refers to distal end of an uncut hair shaft. It is refers sometimes to point.

Answer 39

Tip

Question 40

Parts of the Shaft

Answer 40

1. Cuticle 2. Cortex 3. Medulla or Core

Question 41

It refers to the outermost covering of the hair. It is consists of one layer of non-nucleated polygonal cells which overlaps like the scales on fish.

Answer 41

Cuticle

Question 42

It refers to the intermediate and the thickest layer of the shaft and is compose of elongated, spindle shaped fibrils which cohere. They contain pigment granules in varying proportion depending on the type of the hair.

Answer 42

Cortex

Question 43

It refers to the central canal of the hair that may be empty or may contain various sorts of cells more or less pigmented and begins more or less near the root.

Answer 43

Medulla/Core

Question 44

Certain hair has medulla. Therefore hair can be classified into two categories namely:

Answer 44

a) Hair without medulla b) Hair with medulla

Question 45

It can be interrupted, continuous, fragmented, solid or none/absent.

Answer 45

Medulla

Question 46

Hair should be cleaned with a mixture of equal parts of _______________.

Answer 46

alcohol and ether

Question 47

It can be examine using the naked eye or under the microscope.

Answer 47

Color

Question 48

It refers to the brownish-black pigment in the hair, skin, etc. It is the chemical responsible for the color of the hair. Black and brown hair differs only on the amount of melanin. Red hair is thought to be due to iron.

Answer 48

Melanin

Question 49

Tip of the hair may show whether a hair has been cut. Tips of body hair become rounded from rubbing against the cloths. Hair of human usually shows a fine tip. Men’s hair tip is apt to be cutoff square.

Answer 49

Character of the hair tip if present

Question 50

It may show whether a hair has been cut.

Answer 50

Tip of the hair

Question 51

The size, the general shape and the irregularity of the scales are observed.

Answer 51

Character of cuticle

Question 52

Structural features is studied under the microscope.

Answer 52

Character of cortex

Question 53

It is embedded with the pigment granules that impart hair with color. It is the color, shape and distribution of these granules that provides the criminalist with important points of comparison between the hairs of the different individuals.

Answer 53

Cortex

Question 54

Dyed hair can be distinguished from natural hair. Under the microscope dyed hair has a dull appearance and the color tone is constant, whereas natural is not and the individual pigment granules stand shapelier.

Answer 54

Presence of dye in hair

Question 55

It refers to the innermost layer of your hair. It consists of a soft, thin core of transparent cells and air spaces (Kingsley, 2016).

Answer 55

Medulla

Question 56

These are the most characteristic portion of the hair.

Answer 56

Medulla and Cortex

Question 57

This refers to the relationship between the diameter of the medulla and the diameter of the whole hair usually expressed in fraction. Its determination is performed under a microscope provided with micrometer eyepiece.

Answer 57

Medullar Index (M.I.)

Question 58

Hair with narrow medulla belongs to human and certain monkey hair.

Answer 58

less than 0.5

Question 59

Hair with medulla belongs to hair of cow, horse and others.

Answer 59

approximately 0.5

Question 60

Hair with thick medulla almost all animals belong to this.

Answer 60

greater than 0.5

Question 61

Based on the ___________________, it can be determined whether hair is human or animal origin.

Answer 61

medulla examination

Question 62

In most instances, it can be determined whether a human hair came from Negroid, Mongoloid or Caucasian race.

Answer 62

Determination of characteristics by race

Question 63

o Contains heavy pigment distributed unevenly o A thin cross section o Hair is usually kinky with marked variation in the diameter along the shaft.

Answer 63

Negroid Race Hair

Question 64

o Hair contains dense pigment distributed more evenly than Negroid race hair. o Cross section of the hair will be round to oval in shape. o Hair is coarse and straight with very little variation in diameter along the shaft of the hair. o Usually contains a heavy black medulla or core

Answer 64

Mongoloid Race Hair

Question 65

o Hair contains very fine to coarse pigment and more evenly distributed than is found in Negro or Mongolian. o Cross section will be oval to round in shape. o Usually straight or wavy and not kinky

Answer 65

Caucasian Race Hair

Question 66

These are more mature than any other kind of human hair.

Answer 66

Scalp Hair

Question 67

This is coarse, curve, very stiff and often triangular in cross section.

Answer 67

Beard Hair

Question 68

This is usually triangular in shape and very stiff.

Answer 68

Moustache

Question 69

These are short stubby and have wide medulla.

Answer 69

Hairs from eyebrows, eyelid, nose and ear

Question 70

These vary in thickness along the shaft and are immature but are somewhat similar to head hairs. They have fine, long tip ends.

Answer 70

Trunk Hair

Question 71

These are similar trunk hairs but usually are not so long or so coarse and usually contain less pigment.

Answer 71

Limb Hair

Question 72

These are fairly long with unevenly distributed pigment. They vary considerably in diameter along the shaft and have frequently a bleached appearance. It has an irregular shape and structure. Looks like pubic hair but the ends are sharper and the hair is not so curly.

Answer 72

Axillary Hair

Question 73

These are similar to axillary hairs but are coarser and do not appear bleached. Wirier, have more constriction and twists and usually have continuous broad medulla. Have many broken ends because the clothing rubs off against it.

Answer 73

Pubic Hair

Question 74

a) Identification of questioned hair b) Comparison of questioned and known hair

Answer 74

Light Microscopy

Question 75

Link the suspect to a crime scene. Control hairs match that of the suspect. Exclude the suspect from a crime scene, meaning that a control hair does not match the evidential hair.

Answer 75

Comparison Microscope

Question 76

Determine the species, race, and somatic origin of a hair.

Answer 76

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Question 77

This is to test and determine whether a drug was used.

Answer 77

Drug Test

Question 78

Hair strands normally grow at an average rate of _______________ every month; they absorb metabolized drugs that are fed to the hair follicle through the blood stream.

Answer 78

1.3 centimeters

Question 79

Two Assays Used in Forensic

Answer 79

1. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) 2. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Question 80

The word “textile” is derived from the Latin word _________ and the French _________, __________, hence fiber means that can be converted into yarn.

Answer 80

“textillis,” “textere,” to weave

Question 81

Types of Textile Fibers

Answer 81

1. Natural Fibers 2. Man-Made Fibers

Question 82

Test for Textile Fibers

Answer 82

1. Burning or Ignition Test 2. Fluorescent Test 3. Microscopic Examination 4. Chemical Analysis of Fibers

Question 83

It is a preliminary macroscopic examination. A test that determines whether fiber is mineral, animal or vegatble fiber.

Answer 83

Burning or Ignition Test

Question 84

These fibers smolder or burn slowly and give odor like that of burning feather. When removed from the flame they do not continue to burn readily and a charred bead remains at the end of the fiber. Fumes turn red litmus blue.

Answer 84

Animals’ fibers

Question 85

This is odor strong, disagreeable; fumes turn lead acetate paper black or brown.

Answer 85

Wool

Question 86

Its odor is not so pungent, fumes have no effect on lead acetate paper.

Answer 86

Silk

Question 87

These fibers burn rapidly with a flame and give off but little smoke or fumes. Charred bead not present when fiber is removed from the flame. Fumes turn blue litmus red.

Answer 87

vegetable fibers

Question 88

It is frequently used to determine the general group to which a fiber belongs. It is not reliable for positive identification of fibers. In general, the vegetables fibers exhibit a yellow fluorescence in ultra-violet light, whereas the animal fibers show bluish fluorescence.

Answer 88

Fluorescent Test

Question 89

In general, it is the most reliable and best means identifying fiber. The fiber is placed on a glass slide, teased and covered.

Answer 89

Microscopic Examination

Question 90

This is an unicellular filament, flat, ribbon-like, twisted spirally to right or left on its axis, central canal or lumen broad uniform in diameter; cell wall thick, covered by a thin, structureless, waxy cuticle. Fiber tapers gradually to a blunt or rounded point at one end.

Answer 90

Cotton

Question 91

This is straight, cylindrical, with occasional twists; evenly lustrous, smooth except for occasional transverse folds or wrinkles. Cuticle mostly lacking, lumen irregular in width.

Answer 91

Mercerized Cotton

Question 92

This is a multicellular filament, straight and cylindrical, not twisted and flattened, tapering to a sharp point. Cell wall thick, the lumen appearing as a narrow dark line in the center of the fiber. Filament marked by transverse lines at intervals causing fiber to appear jointed, resembling bamboo. Cross lines frequently interest appearing like the letter x.

Answer 92

Linen

Question 93

This is smooth, cylindrical, lustrous threads, usually single but often double, the twin – filaments held together by an envelope of gum. More or less transparent, without definite structure.

Answer 93

Cultivated Silk

Question 94

This is similar to cultivated silk but broader and less regular in outline. Marked by very fine longitudinal striations with infrequent diagonal cross-markings.

Answer 94

Wild Silk

Question 95

This is a cylindrical, lustrous, appearing like a glass rod. Microchemical reactions, dissolved rapidly by half saturated chromic acid; not colored by Millon’s reagent as in case of true silk.

Answer 95

Artificial Silk

Question 96

This is easily distinguished by presence of flattened, over lapping epidermal scales not found on silk or any of the vegetable fibers. Fiber many – celled, cylindrical; shaft composed of three layers; central core or medulla (seldom seen), cortex and scaly cuticle.

Answer 96

Wool

Question 97

If the sample submitted for analysis is fairly large, such as a piece of cloth or a number or large threads, it is suggested that a chemical analysis be made to supplement the microscopic examination and confirm the results obtained form that procedure.

Answer 97

Chemical Analysis of Fibers

Question 98

In this test, the fiber is stained with picric acid, Millon’s reagent, stannic chloride or iodine solution.

Answer 98

Staining Test

Question 99

If the fiber is white or light colored it is treated with the following chemicals. If dyed, the fiber is first decolorized by boiling in ether 1% hydrochloric acid, acetic acid or dilute potassium hydroxide.

Answer 99

Dissolution Test