Syntax
How sentences and other phrases can be constructed out of smaller phrases and words.
Linguistic expression
It is just a piece of language that has certain forms, certain meaning, and, most relevantly, some syntactic properties as well.
Grammatical Language
When a string of words are does form a sentence of some language.
Ungrammatical Language
If some string of words does not form a sentence.
Grammatically Judgment
I s reflection of spear’s mental grammar, and not a test of their conscious knowledge of the prescriptive rules.
Relationship between syntax and semantics
Concerned with linguistic meaning. These two subject areas are not completely independent of one another.
Sentence structure
In English, we often call the expression that usually occurs immediately to the left of the verb its subject, the one that occurs immediately to the right of the verb is the object.
Principle of Compositionality
The fact that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meaning of the expressions it contains and on the way they are syntactically combined.
Phrasal expressions
The consequences that different ways of syntactically combining them will have on the meaning of larger, multi-word.
Lexical expressions
When you know a language, you can produce and understand an infinite number of sentences because you know the meaning.
Syntactic properties
Expressions that determine their behavior.
Word order
How are expressions allowed to be ordered with respect to one another.
Two kinds of syntactic properties
One set of syntactic has to do the word order and set has to do with the co-occurrence of expressions.
Co-occurrence
If some expressions occurs in a sentence, what other expressions can or must co-occur with it in that sentence.
Topicalized sentences
Even in English, which has a fairly rigid word order, VSO word order can show up in ye or no quesions.
Arguments
Many expressions have co-occurrence requirements
Complements
Non-subject arguments.
Adjuncts
While there has to be exactly the right number and type of arguments for each expression in a sentence, there are certain kinds of expressions whose occurrence in a sentence is purely optional.
Modifiers
The adjective small modifies the meaning.
Agreement
Expressions can have concerns the particular morphological form. Distinct expressions in a sentence may be required to have the same value for some grammatical feature, in which case we say that they agree with respect to the feature.
Morphosyntax
For the reason, morphology and syntax are often seen as tightly related components of grammar and sometimes even considered and referred to joint.
Syntactic constituent
Certain groups of expressions within a larger phrase can form a unit. The syntactic constituents of a phrasal expression are the smaller expressions out of which the phrase was constructed.
Cleft
A kind of sentence in which some constituent is displaced.
Syntactic categories
Either relying on your intuitive understanding of them or pointing out particular examples. More explicitly and technically.
Syntactic distribution
You can substitute them for one another and still have a grammatical sentence.
Sentence
Have an intuitive understanding of what a sentence is.
Noun phrases
Abbreviated, consist of personal pronouns, propper names, and an other expressions that have the same distribution.
Noun
a word used to identify any of a a class of people, places.
Determiners
Understanding the syntactic properties of determiners will enable you to figure out which expression.
adjective
A word or phrase naming an attribute, added to or grammatically related to a noun to modify or describe.
Verb phrase
the part of a sentence containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject.
Intransitive verbs
verb has two characteristics. First, it is an action verb, expressing a doable activity like arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, die.
Transitive verbs
Is a verb that can take a direct object. In other words, it is done to someone or something.
Sentential complement verbs
The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with a sentence to their right result in a verb phrase; a verb that needs a sentence as its complement.
Adverb
a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause,.
Preposition phrase
a modifying phrase consisting of a preposition and its object.
Preposition
a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in “the man on the platform,” “she arrived after dinner,” “what did you do it for ?”
Lexical entries
is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words
Phrase structure rules
are a type of rewrite rule used to describe a given language’s syntax, and are closely associated with the early stages of transformational grammar.
Phrase structure tree
We can conveniently display the way that a sentence is built up from lexical expression using phrase structure rules.