Chapter 5

Question 1

Biomechanics

Answer 1

the study of applying laws of mechanics and physics to determine how forces affect human movement and to better predict performance in athletic events.

Question 2

Superior

Answer 2

refers to a position above a reference point. The femur (thigh bone) is superior to the tibia (shin bone).

Question 3

Inferior

Answer 3

refers to a position below a reference point. The calcaneus (heel bone) is inferior to the patella (knee bone).

Question 4

Proximal

Answer 4

refers to a position nearest the center of the body or point of reference. The knee is more proximal to the hip than the ankle.

Question 5

Distal

Answer 5

refers to a position away from the center of the body or point of reference. The ankle is more distal to the hip than the knee.

Question 6

Anterior

Answer 6

refers to a position on or toward the front of the body. The quadriceps are located on the anterior aspect of the thigh.

Question 7

Posterior

Answer 7

refers to a position on or toward the back of the body. The hamstring complex is located on the posterior aspect of the thigh.

Question 8

Medial

Answer 8

Positioned near the middle of the body.

ex. the adductors (inner thigh muscles) are on the medial side of the thigh because they are on the
side of the limb closest to the midline of the body.

Question 9

Lateral

Answer 9

refers to a position relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body.

ex. the ears are on the lateral side of the head.

Question 10

Contralateral

Answer 10

refers to a position on the opposite side of the body.

ex. the right foot is contralateral to the left hand.

Question 11

Ipsilateral

Answer 11

Positioned on the same side of the body.

Question 12

Anatomic position

Answer 12

The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward.

Question 13

Sagittal plane

Answer 13

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.

Question 14

Flexion

Answer 14

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.

Question 15

Extension

Answer 15

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.

Question 16

Hyperextension

Answer 16

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.

Question 17

Frontal plane

Answer 17

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.

Question 18

Abduction

Answer 18

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of

the body.

Question 19

Adduction

Answer 19

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of

the body.

Question 20

Transverse plane

Answer 20

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

Question 21

Internal rotation

Answer 21

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.

Question 22

External rotation

Answer 22

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.

Question 23

Horizontal abduction

Answer 23

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.

Question 24

Horizontal adduction

Answer 24

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.

Question 25

Three types of muscle movements

Answer 25

Isotonic, isometric, isokinetic

Question 26

Isotonic

Answer 26

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion

Question 27

Eccentric

Answer 27

Moving in the same direction as the resistance Decelerates or reduces force

Question 28

Concentric

Answer 28

Moving in opposite direction of force | Accelerates or produces force

Question 29

Isometric

Answer 29

No visible movement with or against resistance | Dynamically stabilizes force

Question 30

Isokinetic

Answer 30

The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted Requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories

Question 31

Rotary motion

Answer 31

Movement of the bones around the joints.

Question 32

Torque

Answer 32

A force that produces rotation. (Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.)

Question 33

Motor Behavior

Answer 33

Motor response to internal and external environmental | stimuli.

Question 34

Motor control

Answer 34

How the central nervous system | integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

Question 35

Motor learning

Answer 35

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.

Question 36

Motor development

Answer 36

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.

Question 37

Muscle synergies

Answer 37

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.

Question 38

Sensorimotor integration

Answer 38

The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.