Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism

Question 1

ATP

Answer 1

• adenosine triphosphate

- stored energy within bonds

Question 2

enzyme+ATP=_____

Answer 2

macromolecules

Question 3

2 Basic Metabolic Chem RXN

Answer 3

1 Catabolism

2 Anabolism

Question 4

Catabolism

Answer 4

• break larger moles into smaller products
• exergonic (release energy)
• heterotrophic organisms acquire energy thru catabolism of nutrients

Question 5

Anabolism

Answer 5

• synthesize large molecules from smaller products of catabolism
• endergonic
  ex) protein synthesis

Question 6

Exergonic

Answer 6

release of energy

Question 7

Endergonic

Answer 7

require more energy than they release

Question 8

Enzymes

Answer 8

• organic catalysts

- enzyme+substrate fit like a lock and key

Question 9

catalyst

Answer 9

increases the likelihood of a biological rxn

Question 10

6 categories of enzymes

Answer 10

1 LIGASE or POLYMERASE
2 hydrolases
3 isomerases
4 lyases
5 oxidoreductases
6 transferases

Question 11

Carbohydrate Catabolism

Answer 11

• many organisms oxidize carbohydrates as primary energy source for anabolic rxn
• glucose is most common carb used

Question 12

2 processes glucose is catabolized by

Answer 12

1 Cellular Respiration (requires Oxygen)
2 Fermentation (does NOT require Oxygen)

Question 13

Glycolysis

Answer 13

• (catabolic/exergonic)
• occurs in cytosol
• involves splitting a 6-carbon-glucose into 2 3-carbon-pyruvic acids;
• produces NADH and ATP
• precursor step to respiration and fermentation

Question 14

Glycolysis Net Gains

Answer 14

4 ATP moles
2 NADH (e- carriers)
2 Pyruvic Acid

Question 15

Cellular Respiration

Answer 15

• pyruvic acid is oxidized completely to produce ATP by a series of redox rxn
• occurs in MITOCHONDRIA

Question 16

Cellular Respiration

Answer 16

• pyruvic acid is oxidized completely to produce ATP by a series of redox rxn
• occurs in MITOCHONDRIA
• use of ion gradient to produce ATP
• redox rxn in ETC create proton gradient
• protons flow down gradient to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

Question 17

3 stages of Cellular Respiration

Answer 17

1 synthesis of acetyl-CoA (pyruvates are oxidized into acetyl-coa)
2 Krebs cycle
3 final series of redox rxn (E- transport chain)

Question 18

redox rxn in electron transport chain creates ____

Answer 18

proton gradient

Question 19

__ ATP moles are formed from 1 glucose mole in ECT

Answer 19

34 ATP molecules

Question 20

Phosphorylation

Answer 20

inorganic phosphate is added to a substrate

• catabolic
• cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP

Question 21

ATP > ADP

Answer 21

anabolic pathway that removes a phosphate to use energy

Question 22

Ligase

Answer 22

an enzyme

• takes 2 molecules of something and binds them together
• “reattach”

Question 23

Polymerase

Answer 23

• an enzyme
• -builds really long polymers

ex) RNA and DNA polymerase

Question 24

Net Products of Glycolysis

Answer 24

1 6-carbon-glucose >
2 3-carbon-pyruvic-acid
2 ATP (4 produced, 2 used)
2 NADH (e- carrier)

Question 25

Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA

Answer 25

- occurs in Cellular Respiration | - pyruvic acid is oxidized (CO2 is released) and the remainder is Acetyl-CoA

Question 26

Kreb Cycle

Answer 26

- in mitochondria - series of redox rxn by a series of enzymes - produces ATP, NADH (e- carriers), and FADH2 (e- carriers)

Question 27

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 27

- in mitochondria - final series of redox rxns in Cellular Respirations - all e- carriers (NADH + FADH2) drop of their e- and pump their H atoms across the membrane - created proton gradient that flows down and phosphorylates ADP to ATP - forms 34 ATP

Question 28

ATP synthase

Answer 28

at the end of the electron transport, the H that were released by NADH +FADH2 will activate the ATP synthase to phosphorylate 34 ADP to 34 ATP ONLY OCCURS IF O2 is waiting on the inside portion of ATP synthase

Question 29

Prokaryotic Aerobic Net Gains

Answer 29

38 ATP

Question 30

Fermentation

Answer 30

- carb catabolism for cells that can't completely oxidize (doesn't need oxygen) - substrate-level phosphorylation - cells need a constant source of NAD+ ( e carriers) which fermentation provides - partial oxidation of sugar to release energy using an organic molecule as final e- acceptor (acid or alcohol)

Question 31

Fermentation stage

Answer 31

1A. pyruvate turns into lactic acid which releases NADH, NAD+ 1B. pyruvate at the same time turns to Acetaldehyde while releasing CO2 2B. acetaldehyde turns to Ethanol while releasing NADH + NAD+

Question 32

2 types of fermentation

Answer 32

- alcohol fermentation (pyruvate>acetaldehyde>ethanol) - yeast - lactic acid fermentation (pyruvate>lactic acid) - bacteria

Question 33

Eukaryotic Aerobic Net Gains

Answer 33

36 atp

Question 34

Fermentation Net Gain

Answer 34

2 atp

Question 35

Anabolic Rxn

Answer 35

synthesis rxn requiring energy + precursor metabolites - energy put into anabolic rxn comes from ATP produced in the catabolic rxn - many anabolic pathways are the reverse of catabolic pathways i.e. protein synthesis