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West Civ II Exam #1 > Chapter 5 - Nationalism, Liberalism, and Conservatism > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Nationalism, Liberalism, and Conservatism Flashcards

1
Q

Where did the Major European Powers Meet to Hammer Out a Peace Settlement After Napoleon?

A

The Congress of Vienna.

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2
Q

What more than a treaty came from the Congress of Vienna?

A

An informal system of mutually maintaining the peace and stability of post-1815 Europe.

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3
Q

How was peace and stability defined in post-1815 Europe?

A

No More Revolutions and More Exporting French Revolutionary Sentiment.

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4
Q

What did the new view of peace and stability mean for France?

A

The return of the Ancient Regime to Power

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5
Q

What were several key features of the informal agreement at Vienna?

A

1) Revolutionary Sentiment Would Be Squelched
2) France Would be Contained
3) Kings Displaced by Local revolutions Were Restored to Their Thrones and Redrew State Boundaries
4) There was no Punitive Settlement Imposed on the French.

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6
Q

What were the two incidents in which European powers intervened to prevent revolution after Vienna?

A

1) Austria Receiving Permission to Crush a Liberal Uprising in Italy.
2) France Receiving Permission to Crush a Revolution in Spain.

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7
Q

What was the Monroe Doctrine in response to?

A

The informal agreement made at Vienna. The U.S. was afraid Europe would help Spain regain control of its lost colonies in Latin America.

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8
Q

Why was the Monroe Doctrine not challenged?

A

1) Britain Agreed With the U.S. Position

2) The Concert of Europe was not really Concerned with Latin American Colonies but Western European States

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9
Q

Who was the chief architect of the informal agreement at Vienna?

A

Prince Klemens von Metternich.

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10
Q

What other prominent European diplomats were present at Vienna?

A

1) Lord Castlereagh of Britain

2) Talleyrand of France

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11
Q

Whose rights did the delegates at Vienna seek to protect?

A

The Rights of Kings

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12
Q

What is another name for the Vienna system?

A

The Concert of Europe.

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13
Q

How successful was the Concert of Europe?

A

Very successful. It was only upset by the Unification of Germany and the Crimean War.

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14
Q

Who returned to the throne after Napoleon’s defeat?

A

Louis XVIII.

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15
Q

What reforms did Louis XVIII undertake in his reign?

A

1) Granted Freedom of Religion
2) Granted Freedom of Expression
3) Established Equal Treatment Under the Law
4) Established a Parliament
5) Established Something Close to a Constitution

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16
Q

What was the name given to conservatives in France who wanted a return to the Ancient regime?

A

The Ultras.

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17
Q

What was the name of the ultra who gained the throne in 1824?

A

Charles X.

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18
Q

What actions did Charles X take to prompt the July Revolution?

A

1) Used Government Funds to Pay Back Aristocrats Who Had Lost Land During the Revolution
2) Imposed Severe Penalties Against Sacrilege Against the Catholic Church
3) Dissolved the Newly Elected Parliament
4) Limited Freedom of the Press
5) Limited Suffrage to the Wealthiest People in the Country

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19
Q

What was the result of the July Revolution?

A

Charles X abdicated the throne.

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20
Q

Who took the throne after Charles X?

A

Louis Philippe.

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21
Q

What kind of policies did Louis Philippe pursue?

A

Moderate and quasi-liberal ones.

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22
Q

What was the lasting effect of the French Revolution on Government?

A

It Encouraged the Growth of Liberal democratic values and representative government.

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23
Q

Which Class Championed Liberalism?

A

The Middle Class.

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24
Q

After 1815, how did Western Governments treat the will of the people?

A

It was respected and rulers realized they had to be at least somewhat responsive to it.

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25
Q

How was opposition to a government treated in Britain and the United States?

A

One could be loyal to a country and oppose a government at the same time so there was no problem.

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26
Q

How was opposition to a government treated in the rest of Europe?

A

As inherently illegitimate. The Process of Accommodating the Will of the People Became subject to Apprehension, Violence, Suspicion, and Awkwardness.

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27
Q

What were some of the core beliefs of 19th Century Liberals?

A

1) Individual Liberty
2) Laissez-Faire State Policies
3) Minimal Government Intervention in the Economy
4) Free Private Enterprise
5) Representative Government

28
Q

Who did Liberals rely on for their economic philosophy?

A

1) Thomas Malthus

2) David Ricardo

29
Q

What were some of the core beliefs of 19th Century Conservatives?

A

1) Valued Tradition
2) Not a Fan of Political Liberties
3) Not a Fan of Representative Governments

30
Q

What movement did Conservatism oppose?

A

The Enlightenment.

31
Q

Name one major 19th Century Conservative Thinker.

A

Edmund Burke

32
Q

How did Burke view rights?

A

As the product of tradition inherited by future generations that could change based on the times.

33
Q

Define Nationalism.

A

The Sense of Loyalty that One Shares With Those Who Share an Ethnic Background, Language, and Homeland.

34
Q

What effects did Nationalism Have in Europe?

A

An Explosive Effect That Ignited Conflict Between Different Groups Within a State.

35
Q

In what four states did Nationalism create the most conflict?

A

1) Austria
2) England
3) Russia
4) The Balkans

36
Q

What differentiated American Patriotism From European Nationalism?

A

American Patriotism was held together by political ideals rather than ethnicity. Both produce the same result.

37
Q

What did Karl Marx wrongly assume would trump nationalism?

A

Class Loyalty.

38
Q

Why did England not Experience Severe Domestic Discontent in the Late-1700s and Early-1800s?

A

1) The Political Liberalism in the French Revolution Had Already Been Largely Adopted in England.
2) Social Stratification Wasn’t As Severe in England As it Was in the Rest of the Continent.
3) British Urban Laborers Were Not as Desperate as Those on the Continent.
4) British Statesmen Tended to Institute Liberal Reforms Before Citizens Demanded Them Violently.
5) Religious Christianity May Have Made the English More Content and Less Prone to Dissatisfaction.

39
Q

What set of laws provide and example of the British process that avoided Revolution?

A

The Corn Laws and the aftermath.

40
Q

How much did the Enlightenment and other such movements effect Russia?

A

Not really at all. Russia remained almost untouched.

41
Q

Who first was exposed to Enlightenment Ideals in Russia?

A

Educated Military Officers in France.

42
Q

Who’s death provided an opportunity to spark a Revolution in Russia?

A

Alexander I.

43
Q

What was the attempted revolt against Nicholas in Russia called?

A

The Decembrist Revolt.

44
Q

Who took power in Russia after the death of Alexander I?

A

Nicholas I.

45
Q

What policy did Nicholas I take towards liberal ideas?

A

He sought to eliminate them and took harsh and preemptive action to make sure revolution would not occur.

46
Q

What did the Congress of Vienna create out of the Germanic Kingdoms?

A

A New Germanic Confederation.

47
Q

What did the New Germanic Confederation do?

A

Took 300 Distinct autonomous kingdoms and unified them into thirty-nine separate states.

48
Q

What was one of the deepest divisions in Germany?

A

Religion. Specifically the Catholic-Lutheran-Reformed Division.

49
Q

What was require to create the German Confederation?

A

A redrawing of the map of Europe?

50
Q

Who gained and lost territory as a result of the creation of the German Confederation?

A

1) Austria - Lost Belgium to Form the Kingdom of the Netherlands; Gained Northern Italy.
2) Russia - Acquired a Larger Part of Poland
3) Prussia - Acquired Large Parts of Eastern France

51
Q

What two German States vied for primacy?

A

Hohenzollern Prussia and Hapsburg Austria

52
Q

Which nation state dominated German political life?

A

Austria.

53
Q

Who would unify the Germanic states?

A

Otto von Bismarck.

54
Q

What was the State of Italy in 1800?

A

Basically the same it was in 1500. A Handful of Italian Kingdoms in Competition with One Another.

55
Q

What was the name given to the Italian unification movement post-1815?

A

The Risorgimento

56
Q

When would Italy be Recognized as a Unified Nation?

A

1870.

57
Q

What four assaults took place against the Enlightenment movement and foreshadowed the coming of the post-modern movement?

A

1) Romanticism
2) Darwin and Evolution
3) Modern Psychology
4) Modern Science and Theories of Relativity.

58
Q

What was Romanticism?

A

A revolt against the overly rational and mechanistic thinking of the Enlightenment. Love, Sorrow, Faith, Pain, and Joy are what give enjoyment to real life.

59
Q

How did Romanticism interact with Nationalism?

A

The two complemented one another. Romanticism validated Nationalistic feelings.

60
Q

How did Romanticism influence religion in the West?

A

1) It fueled Methodism
2) Reinvigorated the Roman Catholic Church
3) Led to the Second Great Awakening in America
4) Led to the Transcendentalist Movement in the United States.
5) Triggered a pietistic movement that developed into theological liberalism

61
Q

What was Methodism?

A

A religious movement that pressed for gripping and vibrant person religious experiences.

62
Q

What was Transcendentalism?

A

The belief that people could transcend the limits of rational inquiry and thought and experience the Divine by using feeling, emotion, and intuition.

63
Q

Who were the major leaders of Transcendentalism?

A

1) Ralph Waldo Emerson
2) Henry David Thoreau
3) Walt Whitman.

64
Q

Who were the two leading figures of Theological Liberalism?

A

1) Schleiermacher

2) Kirkegaard

65
Q

What did Schleiermacher argue?

A

That Christianity was Neither Philosophy nor Rational Science But the subject of Feeling. Christianity is Feeling Absolute Dependence Combined With Consciousness of God.

66
Q

What did Kirkegaard espouse?

A

The notion that Christianity is not a matter of accepting doctrinal truths but rather a choice to deny himself everyday and live for eternity. He also believed Christianity embodied numerous paradoxes offensive to reason.

West Civ II Exam #1 (8 decks)

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