chapter 5 sensation and perception

Question 1

the process through which the lens changes shape to bring objects into focus on the retina

Answer 1

accommodation

Question 2

the location in the temporal lobe where auditory information is processed

Answer 2

auditory cortex

Question 3

the tissue inside the cochlea where the hair cells are located

Answer 3

basilar membrane

Question 4

auditory cues require comparing an image as it falls on both eyes in order to understand how far away an object is from the viewer

Answer 4

binocular depth cues

Question 5

the processing of physical messages delivered to the senses

Answer 5

bottom up processing

Question 5

sensory cells in the nose that respond to air molecules that we interpret as smell and taste

Answer 5

chemoreceptors

Question 6

a snail shaped structure in the inner ear where the auditory hair cells are located

Answer 6

cochlea

Question 7

cells in the visual striate cortex that respond to specific orientations in motion

Answer 7

complex cells

Question 7

a type of photoreceptor in the retina that is typically most responsive to bright lighting conditions and is responsible for communicating information about acuity and color

Answer 7

cone

Question 8

a term for several rare conditions where an individual is unable to experience pain

Answer 8

congenital angalgesia

Question 9

the transparent covering of the eye; performs about 80% of the focusing of a visual image

Answer 9

cornea

Question 10

part of the bipolar layer of the retina. These cells receive signals from the rods and send their messages to large (magno) ganglion cells

Answer 10

diffuse bipolar cells

Question 10

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to medium wavelengths of light (e.g., greens & yellows). Also known as M-cone

Answer 10

medium wavelength cones

Question 10

specialized cells in the visual cortex that respond most actively to specific stimuli

Answer 10

feature detectors

Question 10

the theory of audition that suggests we understand pitch because of the rate of cellular firing on the basilar membrane

Answer 10

frequency theory

Question 11

also known as the Where stream, this pathway takes information from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe, where we are able to identify object location

Answer 11

dorsal stream

Question 11

the physical measurement of pitch, or how high/low a sound it

Answer 11

frequency measured in Hz

Question 11

the portion of the retina directly behind the pupil. It contains a large concentration of cones and NO rods

Answer 11

fovea

Question 11

a theory of pain perception that suggests that painful stimuli can be blocked in the spinal cord when you are engaged in other activities

Answer 11

gate control theory of pain

Question 12

the physical distance from one energy cycle to the next; changes in wavelength are often perceived as changes in colour

Answer 12

wavelength

Question 12

the location in the occipital lobe where visual information is organized and analyzed

Answer 12

visual striate cortex

Question 13

also known as our sense of balance

Answer 13

vestibular sense

Question 14

the structures in the inner ear that respond to cues associated with balance and posture

Answer 14

vestibular sacs

Question 15

also known as the What stream, this pathway takes information from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe where we are able to identify an object

Answer 15

ventral stream

Question 16

A theory of color vision that proposes that color information is identified by comparing the activation of different cones in the retina.

Answer 16

trichromatic theory

Question 16

The process by which external sensations are converted into neural firing in the brain.

Answer 16

transduction

Question 16

Also known as the eardrum, this structure transfers energy to the three smallest bones of the body known as the ossicles.

Answer 16

tympanic membrane

Question 17

The integration of a person's beliefs, memories, and expectations into their sensory experiences to create a perception.

Answer 17

top down processing

Question 18

The spatial organization of the basilar membrane is maintained through the auditory pathway.

Answer 18

tonotopic organization

Question 19

receptors in the skin specifically designed to detect changes in temperature

Answer 19

thermoreceptors

Question 20

the location of taste sensitive cells on the tongue

Answer 20

taste pore

Question 21

The spatial organization of touch; two adjacent points on your skin are represented by adjacent points on the somatosensory cortex.

Answer 21

somatotopic organization

Question 22

The location in the parietal lobe where touch and motion are processed.

Answer 22

somatosensory cortex

Question 23

Part of the ganglion layer of the retina. Receive signals from the midget bipolar cells. The axons of these cells leave the eye and form part of the optic nerve. Also known as parvo cells.

Answer 23

small ganglion cells

Question 24

Feature-detecting cells in the visual striate cortex that respond to lines of specific orientations.

Answer 24

simple cells

Question 25

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to short wavelengths (e.g., blues). Also known as S-cones.

Answer 25

short cones

Question 26

A visual depiction of what our bodies would look like if they were built in proportion to their representation on the cortex.

Answer 26

sensory homunculus

Question 27

The elementary parts of the environment that the brain uses to create meaning.

Answer 27

sensations

Question 28

The structures in the inner ear that sense changes in acceleration and the rotation of the head.

Answer 28

semicircular canals

Question 29

One kind of photoreceptor in the retina; it typically is most responsive to low levels of light.

Answer 29

rod

Question 30

The spatial organization of the retinal image is maintained through the visual pathway.

Answer 30

retinotopic organization

Question 31

The difference between the retinal image that falls on both eyes. The brain uses disparity to calculate the distance between an individual and an object.

Answer 31

retinal disparity

Question 32

the thin layer of tissue on the back of each eye that contains the photosensitive receptor cells

Answer 32

retina

Question 33

The hole in the center of the eye that allows light to enter.

Answer 33

pupil

Question 34

A field of psychology that attempts to evaluate the way the physical experience of sensations is translated into perceptions.

Answer 34

psychophysics

Question 35

The theory of audition that suggests we understand pitch because of the location of firing on the basilar membrane.

Answer 35

place theory

Question 36

The external part of the ear.

Answer 36

pinna

Question 37

These cells, also called photosensitive cells, are specifically sensitive to exposure to light.

Answer 37

photoreceptors

Question 38

The processing of stimuli to create a sensory understanding of the world.

Answer 38

perception

Question 39

papillae The little bumps on the surface of the tongue where tastebuds are located.

Answer 39

papillae

Question 40

the region of the brain that analyzes both taste and smell.

Answer 40

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 41

The three smallest bones in the body. They are responsible for amplifying vibrations arriving at the eardrum and transmitting these signals to the oval window of the cochlea.

Answer 41

ossicles

Question 42

An X-shaped structure where the optic nerves from each eye cross before the message is sent to the thalamus.

Answer 42

optic chiasm

Question 43

A theory of color vision that suggests that cells in the visual pathway increase their activation when receiving information from one kind of cone and decrease their activation when they see a second color.

Answer 43

opponent process theory

Question 44

Neurons that are specifically responsive to odorants.

Answer 44

olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)

Question 45

The tissue that contains the chemoreceptors of the nose.

Answer 45

olfactory mucosa

Question 46

The sensory neurons inside the inner ear that convert sound into neural firing.

Answer 46

hair cells (auditory)

Question 47

The sensory neurons inside the vestibular sacs that convert information about gravity into neural firing.

Answer 47

hair cells (vestibular)

Question 48

the physical measurement of the loudness of a sound. This is measured in decibles (db)

Answer 48

intensity

Question 49

The brain compares intensity differences of sound as it arrives at each ear in order to understand object location.

Answer 49

interaural level differences

Question 50

Comparisons made between the small differences in arrival time of a sound in each ear.

Answer 50

interaural time differences

Question 51

Also known as an earworm, it is the auditory experience of an inability to dislodge a song from one's consciousness.

Answer 51

involuntary musical imagery

Question 52

The ring of pigmented tissue surrounding the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil, thereby controlling the amount of light that reaches the retina.

Answer 52

iris

Question 53

Our sense of where our bodies are in space and how to move the body to accomplish specific tasks.

Answer 53

kinesthetic sense

Question 54

Part of the ganglion layer of the retina. Receive signals from the diffuse bipolar cells. The axons of these cells leave the eye and form part of the optic nerve. Also known as magno cells.

Answer 54

large ganglion cells

Question 55

The 6-layered portion of the thalamus that processes and organizes visual information.

Answer 55

lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 56

A flexible piece of tissue, located behind the pupil that focuses light on the retina.

Answer 56

lens

Question 57

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to long wavelengths of light (e.g., reds). Also known as L-cones.

Answer 57

long wavelength cones

Question 58

A stimulus that produces smells that can be perceived by the nose.

Answer 58

odorant

Question 59

Also known as pictorial cues, these depth cues only require one eye to understand messages of depth.

Answer 59

monocular depth cues

Question 60

Part of the bipolar layer of the retina. These cells receive signals from cones and send their messages to the small (parvo) ganglion cells.

Answer 60

midget bipolar cells

Question 61

The portion of the thalamus that evaluates and organizes auditory information before sending it to the auditory cortex.

Answer 61

medial geniculate nucleus

Question 62

Receptors in the skin that sense different kinds of pressure.

Answer 62

mechanoreceptors

Question 63

little bumps on the surface where tastebuds are located

Answer 63

papillae

Question 64

papillae allow us to taste what five flavours?

Answer 64

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory)

Question 65

what four things does skin provide information about?

Answer 65

temperature, pain, surface qualities of objects, body location in space

Question 66

pain is subjective but tells us when we experience

Answer 66

tissue damage

Question 67

pain input happens along three pathways

Answer 67

small diameter (s-fibers), transmission cells (t-cell), large diameter (l-libers)