Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYCH 258 > Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

the process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Modal Model of Memory

A

the model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin that describes memory as a mechanism that involves processing information through a series of stages, including short-term memory and long-term memory

it is called the modal model because it contained features of many models that were being proposed on the 1960’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structural Features

A

types of memory indicated by boxes in models of memory

in the modal model, the types are sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Control Process

A

in Atkinson and Shiffrin’s modal model of memory, active processes that can be controlled by the person and that may differ from one task to another

rehearsal is an example of a control process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rehearsal

A

the process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of remembering it, that keeps the stimulus active in short-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sensory Memory

A

a brief stage of memory that holds information for seconds or fractions of a second

it is the first stage in the modal model of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Persistence of Vision

A

the continued perception of light for a fraction of a second after the original light stimulus has been extinguish

perceiving a trail of light from a moving sparkler is caused by the persistence of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Whole Report Method

A

procedure used in Sperling’s experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report all the stimuli they saw in a brief presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Partial Report Method

A

procedure used in Sperling’s experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display

a cue tone immediately after the display indicated which part of the display to report

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Delayed Partial Report Method

A

procedure used in Sperling’s experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display

a cue tone that was delayed for a fraction of a second after the display was extinguished indicated which part of the display to report

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Decays

A

process by which information is lost from memory due to the passage of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Iconic Memory

A

brief sensory memory for visual stimuli that lasts for a fraction of a second after a stimulus is extinguished

this corresponds to the sensory memory stage of the modal model of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Echoic Memory

A

brief sensory memory for auditory stimuli that lasts for a few seconds after a stimulus is extinguished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A

a memory mechanism that can hold a limited amount of information for a brief period of time, usually around 30 seconds, unless there is rehearsal (such as repeating a telephone number) to maintain the information in short-term memory

one of the stages in the modal model of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Recall

A

subjects are asked to report stimuli they have previously seen or heard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Digit Span

A

the number of digits a person can remember

digit span is used as a measure of the capacity of short-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chunking

A

combining small units into larger ones, such as when individual words are combined into a meaningful sentence

chunking can be used to increase the capacity of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chunk

A

used in connection with the idea of chunking in memory

a chunk is a collection of elements that are strongly associated with each other but weakly associated with elements in other chunks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Working Memory

A

a limited-capacity system for temporary stage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phonological Loop

A

the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Phonological Store

A

component of the phonological loop of working memory that holds a limited amount of verbal and auditory information for a few seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Articulatory Rehearsal Process

A

rehearsal process involved in working memory that keeps items in the phonological store from decaying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Visuospatial Sketch Pad

A

the part of working memory that holds and processes visual and spatial information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Central Executive

A

the part of working memory that coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad

the “traffic cop” of the working memory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Phonological Similarity Effect
an effect that occurs when letters or words that sound similar are confused for example, T and P are two similar-sounding letters that could be confused
26
Word Length Effect
the notion that it more difficult to remember a list of long words than a list of short words
27
Articulatory Suppression
interference with operation of the phonological loop that occurs when a person repeats an irrelevant word such as "the" while carrying out a task that requires the phonological loop
28
Visual Imagery
a type of mental imagery involving vision, in which an image is experienced in the absence of a visual stimulus
29
Mental Rotation
rotating an image of an object in the mind
30
Perseveration
difficulty in switching from one behavior to another, which can hinder a person's ability to solve problems that require flexible thinking perseveration is observed in cases in which the prefrontal cortex has been damaged
31
Episodic Buffer
a component added to Baddeley's original working memory model that serves as a "backup" store that communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory it holds information longer and has greater capacity than the phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad
32
Delayed-Response Task
a task in which information is provided, a delay is imposed, and then memory is tested this task has been used to study short-term memory by testing monkeys' ability to hold information about the location of a food reward during a delay
33
Activity-Silent Working Memory
short-term changes in neural network connectivity that has been hypothesized as a mechanism for holding information in working memory
34
Reading Span Test
the test used by Daneman and Carpenter to measure reading span
35
Reading Span
measure used by Daneman and Carpenter to determine individual differences in working memory it is the number of 13- to 16- word sentences that a person can read and then correctly remember the last words of all the sentences
36
Event-Related Potential (ERP)
an electrical potential, recorded with disc electrodes on a person's scalp, that reflects the response of many thousands of neurons near the electrode that fire together the ERP consists of a number of waves that occur at different delays after a stimulus is presented and that can be linked to different function for example, the N400 wave occurs in response to a sentence that contains a word that doesn't fit the meaning of the sentence
37
What is memory?
processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present active any time some past experience has an impact on how you think or behave now or in the future
38
What are the three different types of memory?
sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory
39
What is sensory memory?
initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second
40
What is short-term memory?
holds five to seven items for about 15 to 20 seconds
41
What is long-term memory?
can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades
42
What are control processes?
active processes hat can be controlled by the person rehearsal strategies used to make a stimulus more memorable strategies of attention that help you focus on specific stimuli
43
What is sensory memory?
the retention, for brief period of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation information decays very quickly holds large information for a short period of time collects information, holds information for initial processing, fills in the blanks
44
What is the persistence of vision?
retention of the perception of light sparkler's trail of light frames in a film
45
What was the Sperling (1960) study on sensory memory?
measuring the capacity and duration of sensory memory array of letters flashed quickly on a screen participants asked to report as many as possible
46
What is the whole report method?
participants asked to report as many as could be seen
47
What is the partial report method?
participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report average of 3.3 out of 4 letters (82%) participants could report any of the rows
48
What is the delayed report method?
presentation of tone delayed for fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished performance decreases rapidly
49
What is iconic memory?
brief sensory memory of the things that we see responsible for persistence of vision
50
What is echoic memory?
brief sensory memory of the things that we hear responsible for persistence of sound
51
How is the duration of short-term memory?
read three letters, then a number begin counting backwards by threes after a set time, recall three letters
52
What is the procedure of the Brown-Peterson CogLab?
on each trial of the experiment, you saw three letters (a trigram) for two seconds you were then given a letter string classification (word or nonword) distractor task after the distractor task, you were asked to recall the trigram
53
What is proactive interference?
occurs when information learned previously interferes with learning new information example: your native language may make it more difficult to learn and remember a new foreign language
54
What is retroactive interference?
occurs when new learning interferes with remembering old learning example: after you get a new telephone number and use it for a while, you may have difficulty remembering your old phone number
55
What is digit span?
how many digits a person can remember typical result: 5-8 items
56
What is the procedure of the memory span Coglab?
this experiment allows you to measure your memory span for a variety of stimulus types on each trial, you saw a list of items presented one at a time in random order and were asked to recall the items in the same order in which they were presented if you got a list correct, the list length increased by 1 for that type of material if you got a list incorrect, the list length decreased by 1
57
What is chunking?
small units can be combined into larger meaningful units
58
What is a chunk?
collection of elements strongly associated with one another but weakly associated with elements in other chunks
59
What is working memory?
limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning is set up to process different types of information simultaneously has trouble when similar types of information are presented at the same time
60
How does the working memory differ from short-term memory?
short-term memory holds information for a brief period of time working memory is concerned with the processing and manipulation of information that occurs during complex cognition
61
What is phonological similarity effect?
letters or words that sound similar are confused
62
What is the word-length effect?
memory for lists of words is better for shirt words than for long words takes longer to rehearse long words and to produce them during recall
63
What is articulatory suppression?
prevents one from rehearsing items to be remembered reduces memory span eliminates word-length effect reduces phonological similarity effect for reading words
64
What are the two parts of the phonological loop?
the phonological store the articulatory control process
65
What is the phonological store?
is a memory store that can retain speech-based (phonological) information for a short period of time unless rehearsed, the traces within the store are assumed to fade and decay within about 2 seconds, after which they are no longer unstable
66
What is the articulatory control process?
responsible for two different functions it translates visual information into a speech-based code and deposits it in the phonological store; and it refreshes a trace in the phonological store, offsetting the decay process
67
What was the procedure of the phonological similarity effect Coglab?
when people are asked to recall a list of items, their performance is usually worse when the items sound similar than when the items sound different "F" was most often misidentified as "S" or "X"
68
What is the word-length effect?
memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words takes longer to rehearse long words and to produce them during recall
69
What is visual imagery?
the creation of visual images in the absence of a physical visual stimulus
70
What is the Brooks (1968) experiment on the visuospatial sketch pad?
memorize sentences and then consider each word (mentally) response is either; phonological: say "yes" if it is a noun and "no" if it is not visuospatial: point to Y if word is a noun and N if word is not speaking was easier than pointing task (visualize a capital letter) involved the visuospatial sketch pad pointing response involved the visuospatial sketch pad verbal response involved the phonological loop conducting two visuospatial tasks overloaded the visuospatial sketch pad
71
What is the central executive?
attention controller focus, divide, switch attention controls suppression of irrelevant information perseveration: repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if it is not achieving the desired goal
72
What is an episodic buffer?
backup store that communicates with long-term memory and working memory components hold information longer and has greater capacity than phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad
73
What is the relationship between working memory and the brain?
prefrontal cortex responsible for processing incoming visual and auditory information monkeys without a prefrontal cortex have difficulty holding information in WM neurons responded when stimulus was flashed in a particular location and during delay information remain available via these neurons for as long as they continue firing
74
What is activity-silent working memory?
activity state: information to be remembered causes neurons to fire synaptic state: neuron firing stops, but connections between neurons are strengthened
75
What are the individual differences in working memory?
determined participants working memory: high-capacity WM group and low-capacity WM group shown either simple or complex stimuli measured ERP responses results: high-capacity participants were more efficient at ignoring the distractors

PSYCH 258 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions