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PSYCH 258 > Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

the process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present

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2
Q

Modal Model of Memory

A

the model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin that describes memory as a mechanism that involves processing information through a series of stages, including short-term memory and long-term memory

it is called the modal model because it contained features of many models that were being proposed on the 1960’s

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3
Q

Structural Features

A

types of memory indicated by boxes in models of memory

in the modal model, the types are sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory

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4
Q

Control Process

A

in Atkinson and Shiffrin’s modal model of memory, active processes that can be controlled by the person and that may differ from one task to another

rehearsal is an example of a control process

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5
Q

Rehearsal

A

the process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of remembering it, that keeps the stimulus active in short-term memory

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6
Q

Sensory Memory

A

a brief stage of memory that holds information for seconds or fractions of a second

it is the first stage in the modal model of memory

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7
Q

Persistence of Vision

A

the continued perception of light for a fraction of a second after the original light stimulus has been extinguish

perceiving a trail of light from a moving sparkler is caused by the persistence of vision

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8
Q

Whole Report Method

A

procedure used in Sperling’s experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report all the stimuli they saw in a brief presentation

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9
Q

Partial Report Method

A

procedure used in Sperling’s experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display

a cue tone immediately after the display indicated which part of the display to report

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10
Q

Delayed Partial Report Method

A

procedure used in Sperling’s experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display

a cue tone that was delayed for a fraction of a second after the display was extinguished indicated which part of the display to report

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11
Q

Decays

A

process by which information is lost from memory due to the passage of time

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12
Q

Iconic Memory

A

brief sensory memory for visual stimuli that lasts for a fraction of a second after a stimulus is extinguished

this corresponds to the sensory memory stage of the modal model of memory

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13
Q

Echoic Memory

A

brief sensory memory for auditory stimuli that lasts for a few seconds after a stimulus is extinguished

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14
Q

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A

a memory mechanism that can hold a limited amount of information for a brief period of time, usually around 30 seconds, unless there is rehearsal (such as repeating a telephone number) to maintain the information in short-term memory

one of the stages in the modal model of memory

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15
Q

Recall

A

subjects are asked to report stimuli they have previously seen or heard

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16
Q

Digit Span

A

the number of digits a person can remember

digit span is used as a measure of the capacity of short-term memory

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17
Q

Chunking

A

combining small units into larger ones, such as when individual words are combined into a meaningful sentence

chunking can be used to increase the capacity of memory

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18
Q

Chunk

A

used in connection with the idea of chunking in memory

a chunk is a collection of elements that are strongly associated with each other but weakly associated with elements in other chunks

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19
Q

Working Memory

A

a limited-capacity system for temporary stage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning

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20
Q

Phonological Loop

A

the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information

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21
Q

Phonological Store

A

component of the phonological loop of working memory that holds a limited amount of verbal and auditory information for a few seconds

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22
Q

Articulatory Rehearsal Process

A

rehearsal process involved in working memory that keeps items in the phonological store from decaying

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23
Q

Visuospatial Sketch Pad

A

the part of working memory that holds and processes visual and spatial information

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24
Q

Central Executive

A

the part of working memory that coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad

the “traffic cop” of the working memory system

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25
Q

Phonological Similarity Effect

A

an effect that occurs when letters or words that sound similar are confused

for example, T and P are two similar-sounding letters that could be confused

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26
Q

Word Length Effect

A

the notion that it more difficult to remember a list of long words than a list of short words

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27
Q

Articulatory Suppression

A

interference with operation of the phonological loop that occurs when a person repeats an irrelevant word such as “the” while carrying out a task that requires the phonological loop

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28
Q

Visual Imagery

A

a type of mental imagery involving vision, in which an image is experienced in the absence of a visual stimulus

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29
Q

Mental Rotation

A

rotating an image of an object in the mind

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30
Q

Perseveration

A

difficulty in switching from one behavior to another, which can hinder a person’s ability to solve problems that require flexible thinking

perseveration is observed in cases in which the prefrontal cortex has been damaged

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31
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

a component added to Baddeley’s original working memory model that serves as a “backup” store that communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory

it holds information longer and has greater capacity than the phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad

32
Q

Delayed-Response Task

A

a task in which information is provided, a delay is imposed, and then memory is tested

this task has been used to study short-term memory by testing monkeys’ ability to hold information about the location of a food reward during a delay

33
Q

Activity-Silent Working Memory

A

short-term changes in neural network connectivity that has been hypothesized as a mechanism for holding information in working memory

34
Q

Reading Span Test

A

the test used by Daneman and Carpenter to measure reading span

35
Q

Reading Span

A

measure used by Daneman and Carpenter to determine individual differences in working memory

it is the number of 13- to 16- word sentences that a person can read and then correctly remember the last words of all the sentences

36
Q

Event-Related Potential (ERP)

A

an electrical potential, recorded with disc electrodes on a person’s scalp, that reflects the response of many thousands of neurons near the electrode that fire together

the ERP consists of a number of waves that occur at different delays after a stimulus is presented and that can be linked to different function

for example, the N400 wave occurs in response to a sentence that contains a word that doesn’t fit the meaning of the sentence

37
Q

What is memory?

A

processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present

active any time some past experience has an impact on how you think or behave now or in the future

38
Q

What are the three different types of memory?

A

sensory memory
short-term memory
long-term memory

39
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second

40
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

holds five to seven items for about 15 to 20 seconds

41
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades

42
Q

What are control processes?

A

active processes hat can be controlled by the person

rehearsal

strategies used to make a stimulus more memorable

strategies of attention that help you focus on specific stimuli

43
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

the retention, for brief period of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation

information decays very quickly

holds large information for a short period of time

collects information, holds information for initial processing, fills in the blanks

44
Q

What is the persistence of vision?

A

retention of the perception of light

sparkler’s trail of light

frames in a film

45
Q

What was the Sperling (1960) study on sensory memory?

A

measuring the capacity and duration of sensory memory

array of letters flashed quickly on a screen

participants asked to report as many as possible

46
Q

What is the whole report method?

A

participants asked to report as many as could be seen

47
Q

What is the partial report method?

A

participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report

average of 3.3 out of 4 letters (82%)
participants could report any of the rows

48
Q

What is the delayed report method?

A

presentation of tone delayed for fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished

performance decreases rapidly

49
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

brief sensory memory of the things that we see

responsible for persistence of vision

50
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

brief sensory memory of the things that we hear

responsible for persistence of sound

51
Q

How is the duration of short-term memory?

A

read three letters, then a number

begin counting backwards by threes

after a set time, recall three letters

52
Q

What is the procedure of the Brown-Peterson CogLab?

A

on each trial of the experiment, you saw three letters (a trigram) for two seconds

you were then given a letter string classification (word or nonword) distractor task

after the distractor task, you were asked to recall the trigram

53
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

occurs when information learned previously interferes with learning new information

example: your native language may make it more difficult to learn and remember a new foreign language

54
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

occurs when new learning interferes with remembering old learning

example: after you get a new telephone number and use it for a while, you may have difficulty remembering your old phone number

55
Q

What is digit span?

A

how many digits a person can remember

typical result: 5-8 items

56
Q

What is the procedure of the memory span Coglab?

A

this experiment allows you to measure your memory span for a variety of stimulus types

on each trial, you saw a list of items presented one at a time in random order and were asked to recall the items in the same order in which they were presented

if you got a list correct, the list length increased by 1 for that type of material

if you got a list incorrect, the list length decreased by 1

57
Q

What is chunking?

A

small units can be combined into larger meaningful units

58
Q

What is a chunk?

A

collection of elements strongly associated with one another but weakly associated with elements in other chunks

59
Q

What is working memory?

A

limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning

is set up to process different types of information simultaneously

has trouble when similar types of information are presented at the same time

60
Q

How does the working memory differ from short-term memory?

A

short-term memory holds information for a brief period of time

working memory is concerned with the processing and manipulation of information that occurs during complex cognition

61
Q

What is phonological similarity effect?

A

letters or words that sound similar are confused

62
Q

What is the word-length effect?

A

memory for lists of words is better for shirt words than for long words

takes longer to rehearse long words and to produce them during recall

63
Q

What is articulatory suppression?

A

prevents one from rehearsing items to be remembered

reduces memory span

eliminates word-length effect

reduces phonological similarity effect for reading words

64
Q

What are the two parts of the phonological loop?

A

the phonological store
the articulatory control process

65
Q

What is the phonological store?

A

is a memory store that can retain speech-based (phonological) information for a short period of time

unless rehearsed, the traces within the store are assumed to fade and decay within about 2 seconds, after which they are no longer unstable

66
Q

What is the articulatory control process?

A

responsible for two different functions

it translates visual information into a speech-based code and deposits it in the phonological store; and it refreshes a trace in the phonological store, offsetting the decay process

67
Q

What was the procedure of the phonological similarity effect Coglab?

A

when people are asked to recall a list of items, their performance is usually worse when the items sound similar than when the items sound different

“F” was most often misidentified as “S” or “X”

68
Q

What is the word-length effect?

A

memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words

takes longer to rehearse long words and to produce them during recall

69
Q

What is visual imagery?

A

the creation of visual images in the absence of a physical visual stimulus

70
Q

What is the Brooks (1968) experiment on the visuospatial sketch pad?

A

memorize sentences and then consider each word (mentally)

response is either;
phonological: say “yes” if it is a noun and “no” if it is not
visuospatial: point to Y if word is a noun and N if word is not

speaking was easier than pointing

task (visualize a capital letter) involved the visuospatial sketch pad

pointing response involved the visuospatial sketch pad

verbal response involved the phonological loop

conducting two visuospatial tasks overloaded the visuospatial sketch pad

71
Q

What is the central executive?

A

attention controller

focus, divide, switch attention

controls suppression of irrelevant information

perseveration: repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if it is not achieving the desired goal

72
Q

What is an episodic buffer?

A

backup store that communicates with long-term memory and working memory components

hold information longer and has greater capacity than phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad

73
Q

What is the relationship between working memory and the brain?

A

prefrontal cortex responsible for processing incoming visual and auditory information

monkeys without a prefrontal cortex have difficulty holding information in WM

neurons responded when stimulus was flashed in a particular location and during delay

information remain available via these neurons for as long as they continue firing

74
Q

What is activity-silent working memory?

A

activity state: information to be remembered causes neurons to fire

synaptic state: neuron firing stops, but connections between neurons are strengthened

75
Q

What are the individual differences in working memory?

A

determined participants working memory: high-capacity WM group and low-capacity WM group

shown either simple or complex stimuli

measured ERP responses

results: high-capacity participants were more efficient at ignoring the distractors

PSYCH 258 (13 decks)

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