Chapter 5 Vocab

Question 1

Population Genetics

Answer 1

The study of evolutionary processes by modeling/testing how allele frequencies within a population change over time

Question 2

Microevolution

Answer 2

a change in allele frequency in a population over generations

Question 3

Macroevolution

Answer 3

broad pattern of evolution. The bridge mechanism of by new species originate from exsiting ones

Question 4

Population

Answer 4

group of individuals within a enviroment of the same species or geneotypes

Question 5

Hardy-Weinburg Equlibrium

Answer 5

The relationship between allele and genotype frequency in a population

Question 6

Infinite alleles model

Answer 6

Each new mutation generates a new allele

Question 7

Stepwise mutation model

Answer 7

(Microsatellites) mutations increase and decrease allele length by one unit with equal probability

Question 8

Sequence divergence

Answer 8

The number of changes that distinguish two or more homologous DNA or protein sequences

Question 9

Jukes-Cantor Model

Answer 9

The simplest model of sequence evolution. Assumes the same probability of base substitutions for each transition and transvertions

Question 10

General Reversible Model

Answer 10

The most complex model of sequence evolution. This model takes in the account of base composition of DNA sequence. Puts values on all transition and transversion

Question 11

Base Composition

Answer 11

The proportion of the 4 bases in a given DNA sequence. GC content

Question 12

Hitchhiking

Answer 12

the increase of a neutral allele as a result of positive selection for a linked allele

Question 13

Genetic Drift

Answer 13

the fluctuation of alleles in a finite population due to chance events

Question 14

Wright-Fisher Model

Answer 14

Describes genetic drift in a finite population with the assumptions of HWE.

Question 15

Effective population size (Ne)

Answer 15

the number of people in idealized Wright-Fisher population that experience the same amount of genetic drift

Question 16

Census Size

Answer 16

Direct representation of a population

Question 17

Fixation

Answer 17

An one allele is positivitlely selected for within a population and other alleles eventually become extinct

Question 18

Founder effect

Answer 18

Genetic drift that shows a subpopulation moving to a new enviroment and becoming a seperate population of their own

Question 19

Bottleneck effect

Answer 19

A chance event that randomly selects allleles while others become extinct

Question 20

Fecundity

Answer 20

then number of offspring

Question 21

Subpopulation

Answer 21

A randomly mating population that exchange migrants with other populations to form a metapopulation

Question 22

Metapopulation

Answer 22

A group of populations connected through migration

Question 23

Genetic Differentiation

Answer 23

the procees where the genetic composition of two or more populations isolated from one another diverges over time

Question 24

Population Structure

Answer 24

The absence of random mating within a population. This will ultimately leading to being a metapopulation composed of subpopulations

Question 25

Fixation Indicies

Answer 25

quotients used to analyze the departure of genotype frequencies from HWE

Question 26

Assortative Mating

Answer 26

Like chooses like

Question 27

Disassortative mating

Answer 27

increase heterozygotes and are chosen based on dissimiliarities

Question 28

Outbreeding

Answer 28

reproduction involving distantly related parents

Question 29

Inbreeding

Answer 29

reproduction involving genetically closely related parental types

Question 30

Coefficient of kinship

Answer 30

probability of 2 alleles from 2 different alleles are related

Question 31

Coefficient of relatedness

Answer 31

probabilting of randomly picking alleles that are related by common descent

Question 32

Outbreeding depression

Answer 32

A reduction of fitness of offspring resulting from the mating of genetically different parents

Question 33

Meiotic Drive

Answer 33

A process causing one type gamete to be over or under represented in the gametes formed.

Question 34

Fitness

Answer 34

the ability to survive and produce viable offspring

Question 35

Selection coefficient (s)

Answer 35

A quotient used to to compare the fitness of different genotypes

Question 36

Negative Selection/ Purifying

Answer 36

Removing an allele from a population through natural selection

Question 37

Positive Selection/ Diversifying

Answer 37

increase an allele in a population that increases fitness of an organism

Question 38

Heterozygote advantage/overdominant selection

Answer 38

individuals in the mean benefit the most over the individuals in the extreme (heterozygotes)

Question 39

Balanced polymorphism

Answer 39

Same amount of polymorphisms coming in and out of a population equally

Question 40

Underdominant Selection

Answer 40

individuals in the extremes have a higher fitness than the individuals near the mean (homozygotes)

Question 41

Frequency-dependent selection

Answer 41

Fitness of the genotype depends on the frequency in a population

Question 42

Mate Choice

Answer 42

More abundant sex has choice for mates, and selects for desired traits

Question 43

n-island model

Answer 43

describes migration. Shows the movement from one occupied are to another. All migration lengths are the same

Question 44

Stepping stone model

Answer 44

builds on the n-island model by taking into account geographical distance to be a factor of migration

Question 45

Isolation by distance models

Answer 45

A decrease of population similarity with geographical distance as a result of mating distances

Question 46

Kin-structured migration

Answer 46

When migrating individuals are not a random sample from a source of population but are members of the same family

Question 47

Mutation Drift Balance/Equlibrium

Answer 47

the number of mutations entering is balenced by the number of varients lost thru genetic drift

Question 48

Population mutation parameter

Answer 48

The probability of 2 copies of the same nucleotide drawn at random from aset of sequences will be different from one another

Question 49

Population recombination parameter

Answer 49

The expected level of LD in a randomly mating population

Question 50

Advantagous allele

Answer 50

An allele that increases the fitness of of its carrier

Question 51

Neutral allele

Answer 51

An allele that has no impact on the fitness of its carrier

Question 52

Neutral theory of molecular evolution

Answer 52

A majority of mutations do not influence the fitness of their carriers

Question 53

Outgroup

Answer 53

The taxon from a group that is know to be the earliest divergence of a common ancestor

Question 54

Episodic selection model

Answer 54

Selection that is not constant over time

Question 55

Nearly neutral model

Answer 55

a slight increase or decrease of an allele that slightly increases or decreases the fitness of an individual but not by much