Chapter 52

Question 1

_______________ focuses on the entire habitable portion of plant earth

Answer 1

biosphere ecology

Question 2

biosphere ecology focuses on two things

Answer 2

-global climate patterns

biome distribution

Question 3

weather pertains to the __________________ of temperature, precipitation, wind speed, ect

Answer 3

current conditions

Question 4

climate represents a _____________ term description of weather. It is based on averages, variations, extremes, and timing measured over centuries

Answer 4

long term

Question 5

______________ is the ultimate global source of energy that drives global climate

Answer 5

the sun

its energy is not recieve equally all over earth

Question 6

near the equator the sun rays strike earths surface ______________________

Answer 6

perpendicularly

Question 7

toward the poles, the sun’s rays are spread over a ______________________ and take _____________ through the atmosphere

Answer 7

larger area and longer path

Question 8

solar radiation heats _________________ which warms air above it

Answer 8

earths surface

Question 9

_____________ is a term to describe that when warm air is less dense than cool air so it rises

Answer 9

uplift

Question 10

uplift explains __________________________

Answer 10

air pressure decreases with altitude

Question 11

_____________ air hold less water vapor than _____________ air

Answer 11

cool

warm

Question 12

as rising air expands and cools, ______________ to form clouds

Answer 12

water vapor condense to form precipitation

Question 13

___________ recieve the most solar radiation so they have the most precipitiation

Answer 13

tropical regions

Question 14

uplift of air in tropics results in ___________________

Answer 14

low atmospheric pressure zone

Question 15

when air reaches its maximum altitude, the air flows north or south toward _________________ where it is ________________

Answer 15

poles

cooled

Question 16

_______________ the air descends when it cools forming high pressure zones at 30n and 30s.

Answer 16

subsidence

Question 17

high pressure zone correspond to _______________________

Answer 17

lack of precipitation

major deserts are often high pressure zones

Question 18

_____________ is the large scale pattern of atmospheric circulation that occurs between o-30

Answer 18

hadley cell

Question 19

_______________ occurs near the north and south poles due to high pressure zone with little precipitation they are termed ______________

Answer 19

polar cell

polar deserts

Question 20

the _______________ exists at mid-latitudes

Answer 20

ferrell cells

Question 21

the three circulation cells

Answer 21

• hadley cell
• polar cell
• ferrell cell

Question 22

the three circulation cells result in 3 climate zones

Answer 22

-tropical, temperate, polar

Question 23

_________________ is defined as
objects at equator move east at 1040 mph
object north or south of equator move to east at 520 mph

Answer 23

coriolis effect

Question 24

an air mass at the equator that flows toward the poles is moving faster than the ground below it appears to be deflected to the ______________

Answer 24

east

Question 25

air flowing from a higher latitude back to the equator is moving slower than the ground below it apppears to be deflected to the ____________

Answer 25

west

Question 26

the ____________________ results in air movements called _______________ in each atmospheric circulation

Answer 26

corolis effect | prevailing winds

Question 27

prevailing winds

Answer 27

trade winds in hadley cell westerlies in ferrel cells easterlies in polar cells

Question 28

____________ are driven by prevailing winds modified by continets

Answer 28

ocedan currents

Question 29

water has a ________________ than land

Answer 29

higher specific heat

Question 30

costal areas have a ________________________

Answer 30

maritime climate | little daily or seasonal variation

Question 31

areas in the center of a continent have a ______________________

Answer 31

continental variation | there is great variation daily and seasonally

Question 32

air cools ____________________ for every 1000m increase in elevation so mountains are cooler than lowlands

Answer 32

6-10*

Question 33

maintain ranges create a ___________________ the _____________ slope recieve much precipitation the __ slope receives littleprecipitation

Answer 33

rainshadow effect windward leeward

Question 34

average annual temperatures become preogessively cooler moving away from the ____________________________________

Answer 34

equator toward poles

Question 35

hadly, ferrel, and polar cells lead to precipitation being ________________ in tropical and _____________ at the poles

Answer 35

highest | lowest

Question 36

the earths tilt at an angle of _____________ relative to the suns direct rays

Answer 36

23.5*

Question 37

the angle and intensity of suns rays striking point on earth vary as earth orbits the sun this results in

Answer 37

seasonal variation in climate

Question 38

only at the equator are there 12 hours of daylight throughout the year

Answer 38

in the tropphics seasons are marked by just slight changes in precipitation

Question 39

_________________________ zones have seasonal variation in solar radiation

Answer 39

temperate and polar

Question 40

temperature and polar zones have varying ____________________

Answer 40

temeratures and daylengths

Question 41

during the ______________________ the suns rays fall directly on the equator and daylight lasts 12 hours everywhere on earth

Answer 41

spring and fall equinoxes

Question 42

during ____________ the suns rays fall direstly on the trophic cancer, the sun never sets above the artic circle and it never rises below the artic circle

Answer 42

summer solsitice

Question 43

during __________ the sun never rises above the artic circle and never sets below the artic circle

Answer 43

winter solstice

Question 44

a __________________ is the largest category of ecosystems studied by ecologists

Answer 44

biome

Question 45

a biome is decided by __________________

Answer 45

global climate patterns

Question 46

biomes are identified based on ________________

Answer 46

dominat plant forms

Question 47

_________________ is the biomes that is 10* N and Suuth

Answer 47

tropical rainforests

Question 48

tropical rainforests are: -___________ all year -_____________ greater than 20cm _________ off any terrestrial biomes

Answer 48

warm annual precipitation highest species diversity

Question 49

___________ have the highest biomass and productivity of all bioms

Answer 49

tropical rainforests

Question 50

what plants dominate tropical rainforests

Answer 50

tall evergree tree form a dense canopy

Question 51

very little light reaches the forest floor so understory plants are __________ in tropical rain forests

Answer 51

shade tolerant

Question 52

__________________ ls the biome that lies between 10*-23.5*n. 1-2 dry seasons per year

Answer 52

tropical grass lands

Question 53

________________________ has a high species diversity but not as high as tropical rainforests

Answer 53

tropical grasslands | savannas

Question 54

tropical grasslands are also called

Answer 54

savannas

Question 55

how many dry seasons a year do savannas have

Answer 55

1-2

Question 56

what is plant diversity like in savannas

Answer 56

made mostly of grasses with scattered trees and shrubs

Question 57

when trees are abundant savannas may be referres to as ____________________ however trees are deciduous

Answer 57

tropical seasonal forest | highly adapted to fire grazing by large herbivorous mammals

Question 58

_____________________ are located 30* North and south and are associated with high pressure zones

Answer 58

deserts

Question 59

deserts annual precipitation ______________ | annual temerature ________________

Answer 59

less than 25cm | high temperature

Question 60

describe desert vegetation and animal population

Answer 60

many succulents | little species diversity

Question 61

_____________________ toots allow succulents to absorb max water during short hard rains

Answer 61

shallow wide

Question 62

_______________ is located between 30-50* north and sounth

Answer 62

temperate grasslands

Question 63

temperature variation in temerate grasslands | precipitation in temperate grasslands

Answer 63

seasonal temperature variation | precipitation spread throughout the year

Question 64

____________ is the biome most adapted by humans for agriculture

Answer 64

temperate grasslands

Question 65

__________________ is the biome that lies between 30-40* n and south

Answer 65

temperature shrubland

Question 66

examples of temperate shrub land

Answer 66

mediterranean climate | southern california

Question 67

specied diversity of shrubland

Answer 67

fairly high species diversity

Question 68

temperate shrublands are adapted to depend on _________________

Answer 68

fires

Question 69

_________________ lie between 30-50* north or south

Answer 69

temperate deciduous forests

Question 70

temperature and preipitation of temperate diciduous rainforest

Answer 70

cold winters and mild summers fairly reliable percipitation leaves lost during the winter

Question 71

species diversity in temperate deciduous forests

Answer 71

high species diverity

Question 72

________________ lies between 30-50* north and south and has mild rainy winters with cool summers

Answer 72

temperate evergeen forests

Question 73

temperate evergreen forests are dominate by what types of plants

Answer 73

evergreen large conifers

Question 74

temperate evergreen forests have a _____________ biomass but ____________ species diversity

Answer 74

high | low

Question 75

boreal forests also called ____________________ lie between 50-65*n. Composed of conifers. Low species diversty

Answer 75

taiga

Question 76

taiga can have ______________ soil that is perminately frozen below one meters depth

Answer 76

permafrost

Question 77

_______________ above 65* n latitudes. cold temperatures and low precipitation year round. Permafrost. some grasses, annuals, and low growing shrubs but mostly mossess and lichens. no trees

Answer 77

tundra

Question 78

______________ is the polar ice in the northern hemisphere

Answer 78

greenland

Question 79

____________ is polar ice in the southern hemisphere.

Answer 79

antartica

Question 80

______________________temperature and precipitation change with elevation resulting in zones similar to biomes

Answer 80

on mountains

Question 81

________________ is a lower mountain zone

Answer 81

temperate grassland or shrubland

Question 82

______________ is a mountain zone in montane zone

Answer 82

temperate deciduous evergreen forest

Question 83

___________________ is a mountain zone in subalpine zone

Answer 83

boreal zone

Question 84

___________________ is a mountain zone subalpine zone

Answer 84

tundra

Question 85

_____________ the study of freshwater biomes is termed

Answer 85

limnology

Question 86

_____________ is divided into the study of lotic and lentic systems

Answer 86

limnology

Question 87

lotic systems consist of _________ water, rivers and streams

Answer 87

flowing

Question 88

lentic system consist of _________ water, lakes and ponds

Answer 88

still

Question 89

streams that originate at the highest altitudes are called first order streams (2 statements)

Answer 89

- narrow, shallow, cold, and fast moving | - high oxygen content but low nutrient content

Question 90

___________ streams converge to form _________________ streams

Answer 90

first order streams | second order streams

Question 91

the largest rivers leading into lakes or the ocean are sixth order streams or greater

Answer 91

- wide deep warmer and slow moving | - low oxygen content but high nutrient

Question 92

______________ is flowing water of the main channel

Answer 92

pelagic zone

Question 93

organism in this zone are called ____________, which are swimmers capable of overcoming the current

Answer 93

nekton

Question 94

__________________ is the bottum of the river or stream

Answer 94

benthic zone

Question 95

organisms in this zone include bottom dwellers

Answer 95

invertebrates such as insect larvae

Question 96

_____________________ are determined by depth and degree of light penetration

Answer 96

biological zones

Question 97

estuaries occur at the junctions between ___________________

Answer 97

rivers and oceans

Question 98

salinity varies as freshwater flows in from the river and saltwater flows in from the ocean

Answer 98

estuaries are very productive

Question 99

___________ is the largest biome

Answer 99

marine biome

Question 100

_________________ occurs at the junction between marine and terrestrial ecosystem

Answer 100

intertidal zone

Question 101

_____________ alternates between marine and terrestrial with the rise and fall of tides

Answer 101

the biome

Question 102

the most abundant organism of intertidal zones

Answer 102

marine invertebrates and algae. very tolerant to desiccation and salinity

Question 103

coral reefs are found in _______________

Answer 103

warm tropical waters shallow along equator

Question 104

coral reefs are habitat to enormous diversity of marine species and thus have __________________

Answer 104

highest biomess

Question 105

kelp forests are found in _____________ waters

Answer 105

cold shallow waters

Question 106

_______________ support a large diversity of life including other algae invertebrates fishes and marine mammals

Answer 106

kelp forests

Question 107

________________ is the open ocean. it extends to approximately 200 m in depth supports the higest density of organisms

Answer 107

pelagic zone

Question 108

______________ are squids fishes sea turtles and marine mmals popular in pelagic zone

Answer 108

nekton

Question 109

________________ and _____________ are also popular in pelagic zone

Answer 109

phytoplankton and zzooplankton

Question 110

_________________ is the ocean floor. temperature are near freezing and pressure is high

Answer 110

benthic zone

Question 111

oranisms living in benthic zone live in ________________________

Answer 111

sediment. these organisms feed on detritus falling from the pelagic zone

Question 112

benthic zone have scattered ______________ produce heat as well as inorganic molecules such as hydrogen sulfide

Answer 112

hydrothermal vents

Question 113

during chemsynthesis, chemautotrophic bacteria use H2S as an electron donor to convert COS into otganic carbon

Answer 113

this productivity supports high biodiversity in the benthic zone