Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

proteins

A

compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; arranged as strands of amino acids

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2
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks of protein

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3
Q

amine group

A

nitrogen-containing portion of amino acid

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4
Q

side chain

A

unique chemical structure attached to the backbone of each amino acid that differentiates one amino acid from another

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5
Q

essential amino acids

A

amino acids that either cannot by synthesized at all by the body or cannot be synthesized in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs

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6
Q

conditionally essential amino acids

A

amino acids that is normally nonessential but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body’s ability to produce it

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7
Q

peptide bonds

A

bond that connects one amino acid with another, forming a link in a protein chain

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8
Q

polypeptide

A

protein fragments of many amino acids bonded together

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9
Q

collagen

A

type of body protein from which connective tissues such as scars, tendons, ligaments, and the foundations of bones and teeth are made

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10
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process

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11
Q

hemoglobin

A

globular protein of red blood cells whose iron atoms carry oxygen around the body via the bloodstream

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12
Q

denaturation

A

irreversible change in a protein’s folded shape brought about by heat, acids, alcohol, salts of heavy metals, or other agents

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13
Q

dipeptides

A

protein fragments that are two amino acids long

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14
Q

tripeptides

A

protein fragments that are three amino acids long

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15
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers secreted by a number of body organs in response to conditions that require regulation

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16
Q

thyroxine

A

principal peptide hormone of the thyroid gland that regulates the body’s rate of energy use

17
Q

serotonin

A

compound related in structure to the amino acid tryptophan

18
Q

antibodies

A

large proteins of the blood, produced by the immune system in response to an invasion of the body by foreign substances (antigens)

19
Q

fluid and electrolyte balance

A

distribution of fluid and dissolved particles among body compartments

20
Q

edema

A

swelling of body tissue caused by leakage of fluid from the blood vessels

21
Q

acids

A

compounds that release hydrogen in a watery solution

22
Q

bases

A

compounds that accept hydrogen from solutions

23
Q

acid-base balance

A

equilibrium between acid and base concentrations in the body’s fluids

24
Q

buffers

A

compounds that help keep a solution’s acidity or alkalinity constant

25
Q

acidosis

A

condition of excess acid in the blood, indicated by a below-normal pH

26
Q

alkalosis

A

condition of excess base in the blood, indicated by an above-normal blood pH

27
Q

urea

A

principle nitrogen excretion product of protein metabolism

28
Q

nitrogen balance

A

amount of nitrogen consumed compared with the amount excreted in a given time period

29
Q

high-quality proteins

A

dietary proteins containing all the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts that human beings require

30
Q

limiting amino acids

A

essential amino acid that is present in dietary protein in an insufficient amount, thereby limiting the body’s ability to build protein

31
Q

complementary proteins

A

two or more proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such way that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other