Chapter 6

Question 1

phobias

Answer 1

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

Question 2

classical (pavlovian) conditioning

Answer 2

a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus, involuntary responses

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Question 4

unconditioned response

Answer 4

an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

Question 5

conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

a previously neutral stimulus that has through conditioning acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

Question 6

conditioned response

Answer 6

a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

Question 7

evaluative conditioning

Answer 7

changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli

Question 8

acquisition

Answer 8

the initial stage of learning something

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency , occurs when conditioned stimulus is consistently presented alone

Question 10

stimuli that are ___ are more likely to be conditioned stimuli

Answer 10

new, unusual, especially intense

Question 11

spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Question 12

renewal effect

Answer 12

response comes back if animal returns to the environment where it was learned

Question 13

stimulus generalization

Answer 13

organism responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Question 14

stimulus discrimination

Answer 14

organism does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Question 15

higher-order conditioning

Answer 15

a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

operant conditioning

Answer 16

a form of learning in which responses are controlled by their consequences, voluntary responses

Question 17

reinforcement

Answer 17

an event following a response increasing organism’s tendency to repeat that response

Question 18

primary reinforcers

Answer 18

events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

Question 19

secondary/conditioned reinforcers

Answer 19

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

Question 20

shaping

Answer 20

repeatedly reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired response until the desired response in achieved

Question 21

discriminative stimuli

Answer 21

clues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response

Question 22

intermittent reinforcement

Answer 22

makes a response more resistant to extinction, works better

Question 23

positive reinforcement

Answer 23

response is strengthened, followed by a rewarding stimulus

Question 24

negative reinforcement

Answer 24

response is strengthened, followed by removal of unpleasant stimulus

Question 25

escape learning

Answer 25

organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some unpleasant stimulation

Question 26

avoidance learning

Answer 26

organism acquires a response that prevents some unpleasant stimulation from occurring

Question 27

why are phobias hard to get rid of?

Answer 27

1. avoidance measures get reinforced by avoiding fear

2. prevent any conditioned response by never being exposed to the fear

Question 28

punishment

Answer 28

an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response

Question 29

preparedness

Answer 29

species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways (fears that are threats to survival)

Question 30

observational learning

Answer 30

occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, called models

Question 31

ratio schedules

Answer 31

organism must make the designated response a certain number of times to gain reinforcement

Question 32

interval schedules

Answer 32

require a time period to pass between the presentation of reinforcers