Chapter 6 Flashcards by Grace Taschuk

Cartilage consists mainly of

water

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Cartilage contains no __ or __ and is surrounded by a layer of __ called the __

nerves, blood vessels, dense irregular connective tissue, perichondrium

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True or false: Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant of skeletal cartilages

true

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Hyaline cartilages include what kinds of cartilage

articular, costal, respiratory, nasal

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where is elastic cartilages found

external ear and epiglottis

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what are the seven important functions our bones serve

support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, blood cell formation, fat storage, hormone production

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what are the main minerals bone harbors

calcium and phosphate

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what is the name of the process of blood cell formation

hematopoiesis

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where does most blood cell formation occur

in red bone marrow

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fat is stored as __ in the cavities of long bones

yellow marrow

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osteocalcin is a hormone that helps to regulate __

insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, and energy expenditure

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how many named bones are there in the body

206

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the 206 named bones in the body re divided into two groups which are:

axial and appendicular

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the axial skeleton includes bones

of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

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the appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the

upper and lower limbs and girdles

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longs bones category consists of

all limb bones except the patella and wrist and ankle bones

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short bones are roughly __ shaped

cube

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sesamoid bones

are a special type of short bone that form in a tendon (such as the patella)

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flat bones are

thin, flattened, and a bit curved (cranial, ribs, sternum)

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irregular bones

have complicated shapes that fit none of the other classes

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bones are __ because they contain different types of __

organs, tissues

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the external layer of bones is __ bone, the inner is __ bone which is also called __bone

compact, spongy, trabecular

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the honeycomb like structures of spongy bone are called

trabeculae

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short, irregular, and flat bones all consist of

thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone which is covered inside and outside by connective tissue membranes (periosteum, endosteum)

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the shaft of a long bone is called the

tubular diaphysis

the marrow cavity is called the

medullary cavity

the __ are the bone ends

epiphyses

between each diaphysis and epiphysis of an adult long bone is a __ a remnant of the

epiphyseal line, epiphyseal plate

what is the epiphyseal plate composed of

hyaline cartilage

the flared part of the physics meets the diaphysis

metaphysis

the __ is a membrane that covers the outside of the bone except for __

periosteum, joint surfaces

the periosteum contains both __ and __ cells

bone destroying, bone-forming

definition of perforating fibers

bundles of collagen fibers that extend into the bone matrix and secure the periosteum to the underlying bone

the __ membrane covers the internal bone surfaces

endosteum

true or false: bones are not well vascularized

false

what is the nutrient foramen

a hole in the wall of the diaphysis where the nutrient artery eases through

what is blood forming tissue called

hematopoietic tissue

what is another name for hematopoietic tissue

red marrow

true or false: much of the red marrow in adults is replaced by yellow marrow

true

where is red marrow found in adults

in the cavities between trabecular of spongy bones in the most flat bones, the heads of the femur and humerus

true or false: yellow marrow in the medullary cavity can revert back to red marrow if a person becomes very anemic

true

what are the five major cells types in bone tissue

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, and osteoclasts

osteoprogenitor cells are also called

osteogenic cells

where are osteoprogenitor cells found

in the periosteum and endosteum

definition and function of osteoblasts

bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix

when actively depositing matrix, osteoblasts are __ shaped. when inactive they are

cube shaped, flattened

what is the function of bone lining cells

they help maintain the matrix

definition of osteoclasts

giant multinucleate cells located at site of bone resorption

distinct characteristic of osteoclasts

they have a ruffled border that directly contacts the bone

the structural unit of a compact bone is called the

osteon

functionally, osteons are __

weight bearing pillars

definition of osteon

a group of hollow tubes of bone matrix, like tree trunk rings

each matrix tube is called a

lamella

compact bone is often called

lamellar bone

running through the core of each osteon is the

central canal

the central canal is also called the

Haversian canal

the central canal contains

small blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the osteons cells

__ canals lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect __ and __ of the medullary cavity to the central canals

perforating, blood vessels, nerve supply

osteocytes occupy __

lacunae

hair like cells called__ radiate from the lacunae

canaliculi

lying between intact osteons are incomplete lamellae called

interstitial lamellae

___ extend around the entire circumference of the diaphysis and effectively resist twisting of the bone

circumferential lamellae

what are the soft organic components of bone and what are their functions

osteoid and bone cells, allow bones to resist tension

what are the hard inorganic components of bone and what are their functions

mineral salts, allow bone to resist compression

__ makes up about one third of the matrix and includes

osteoid, ground substance and collagen

osteoblasts secrete

ground substance and collagen

bones resilience comes from ___

sacrificial bonds between collagen molecules

___ and ___are both names for the process of bone tissue formation

ossification and osteogenesis

in which process does a bone develop by replacing hyaline cartilage

endochondral ossification

what is bone called after being developed by endochondral ossification

endochondral bone

in what process does bone develop from a. fibrous membrane

intramembranous ossification

what is bone called after being developed by intramembranous ossification

membranous bone

except for ___essentially all bones below the base of the skull form by __

the clavicle, endochondral ossicfication

what is the first step to endochondral ossification

a bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model

what is the primary ossification center

the bone collar

what is the second step to endochondral ossification

cartilage calcifies in the center of the diaphysis and then develops cavities

what is the third step to endochondral ossification

the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms

what is the fourth step to endochondral ossification

the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms

what is the fifth and final step of endochondral ossification

the epiphyses ossify

intramembranous ossification form the __and the __

cranial bones, clavicle

bone remodeling involves both __ and __

new bone formation and bone resorption

together bone resorption and deposit constitute

bone remodeling

giant osteoclasts accomplish

bone resorption

what are the two control loops that regulate the continuing remodeling of bones

maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis and keeping bon strong

maintaining ___ levels is critical for maintaining the ___ of all cells

extracellular fluid calcium, resting membrane potential

the hormonal controls primarily involve

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

what is wolffs law

such that a bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it

hormonal controls determine __ and __ remodeling occurs

whether, when

mechanical stress determines __ remodeling occurs

where

fractures are classified by

position of the bone ends after the fracture, completeness of the break, whether the bone ends penetrate the skin

fracture treatment begins with __, which is

reduction, the realignment of the broken bone ends

what are the 4 steps to a healing fracture

1. hematoma forms 2. fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms 3. bony callus forms 4. bone remodeling occurs

__ includes a number of disorders in which the bones are poorly mineralized

osteomalacia

__ is the analogous disease in children to osteomalacia

rickets

__ refers to a group of diseases in which bone resorption outplaces bone deposit. causing bones to become porous

osteporosis

what are the seven factors that can contribute to osteoporosis

decreased sex hormones, insufficient bone stress, a diet poor in calcium/vitamin D/protein, smoking, genetics, hormone-related conditions, and consumption of alcohol or certain medications

__ is a disease characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption, an abnormally high ration of spongy bone to compact bone

paget's disease