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A & P 1 > Chapter 6&7 - Bones and Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 6&7 - Bones and Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Functions:

Support

A

Provides the framework and support of the rest of the body

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2
Q

Skeletal Functions:

Protection

A

Protects soft organs. Includes the skull, vertebrae, rib cage, etc.

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3
Q

Skeletal Functions:

Site of Hematopoesis

A

The generation of blood cells, RBCs and platelets come from red marrow

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4
Q

Skeletal Functions:

Storage

A

The major site for calcium deposits, phosphate, minerals, and growth factors.

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5
Q

Skeletal Functions:

Movement

A

Movable joints permit the muscular system to cause the skeleton and the body to move. Bones are used as levers.

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6
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A

Support, protection, site of hematopoesis, storage, and movement

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7
Q

Long Bones

A

Longer than wide, bones of the legs, arms, fingers. A shaft plus two ends, mainly compact bone, some spongy.

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8
Q

Short Bones

A

Cube shaped bones found in the ankle and wrists

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9
Q

Flat Bones

A

Sheet-like and include the bones of the cranium and ribs. Usually curved, two thin plates of compact bone separated by spongy bone

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10
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Have no distinct shape. Include the bones of the face, vertebrae, and hip and shoulder girdles.

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11
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Bones that form inside of tendons. Vary in number and placement from person to person. A special type of short bone. Ex: the patella

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12
Q

Wormian (sutural) Bones

A

Form between suture lines, vary in number and position. Small, flat, and irregular bones found between the flat bones of the cranium.

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13
Q

Skeletal Cartilage

A

Contain no verves of blood vessels, instead attached to dense connective tissue with blood vessels that delivers nutrients.

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14
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Provides support, flexibility, and resilience. Most common type.

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15
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Very similar to hyaline, but has elastic fibers. Strong and able to stretch.

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16
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Has collagen fibers, which give it tensile strength

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17
Q

Growth of cartilage

A

Calcification of cartilage only occurs during normal bone growth.

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18
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Cells secrete a matrix against the external face of existing cartilage (long bones)

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19
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Chondrocytes divide secreting a new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.

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20
Q

External Anatomy of a Long Bone

A

Has two heads, epiphyses, connected by a shaft, diaphysis. The bone is covered by a membrane, the periosteum.

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21
Q

Periosteum

A

A double membrane covering the outside of the bones. The outer later is a fibrous later of connective tissue, and the inner has osteoblasts, nerve fibers, and vessels.

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22
Q

Cancellous (Spongy) Bone

A

Highly porous bone. Made of flat, spiky pieces called trabeculae. The spicules interconnect leaving spaces which are usually filled with red marrow. Reduces bone weight.

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23
Q

Marrow (Medullary) Cavity

A

Found in the center of the diaphysis. Lined by the endosteum filled with one of two kinds of marrow.

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24
Q

Compact Bone

A

Very dense bone. Solid, smooth, and homogenous. Composed of tightly packed cylindrical structures called osteons or Haversian systems.

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25
Q

Endosteum

A

Membrane that covers the inner lining of bones. Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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26
Q

Red Marrow

A

Fills the medullary cavity during embryology and early life. It generates blood cells.

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27
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

Consists of fat and fills the marrow cavities in the bones of adults

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28
Q

Epiphyseal Plates

A

Cartilaginous growth plates that are found in the epiphyses. They allow bones to continue to grow throughout childhood and adolescence. When done they become ossified and growth in the length of the bone ceases.

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29
Q

Epiphyseal Line

A

Cartliage at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis in young bones. The area for bone growth.

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30
Q

Bone Markings

A

Bumps, ridges, projection, holes which are found on bones. Their function is to allow passage for a blood vessel or nerve and for attachment for a tendon or muscle.

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31
Q

Tuberosity

A

A rounded projection

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32
Q

Crest

A

A narrow prominent ridge

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33
Q

Trochanter

A

A large, blunt, irregular surface (on the femur)

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34
Q

Line

A

A narrow ridge, less prominent than a crest

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35
Q

Tubercle

A

A small rounded projection

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36
Q

Spine

A

A sharp, slender projection

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37
Q

Epicondyle

A

A raised are above a chondyle

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38
Q

Process

A

A bony prominence (general word)

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39
Q

Meatus

A

Canal-like passageway

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40
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity found within a bone, has a flat articular suface

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41
Q

Fossa

A

A shallow basin-like depression

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42
Q

Groove

A

A furrow

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43
Q

Fissure

A

A narrow, slit-like oplening

44
Q

Foramen

A

A round or oval opening

45
Q

Head

A

A bony expansion on a narrow neck

46
Q

Facet

A

A smooth, nearly flat articular surface

47
Q

Condyle

A

A rounded projection

48
Q

Ramus

A

An arm-like bar

49
Q

Osteon or Haversian System

A

Contain central canals, canaliculi, lacunae, and lamellae.

50
Q

Central (Haversian) Canal

A

Located in the center of each osteon. Houses blood vessels, and nerves.

51
Q

Canaliculi

A

Narrow passageways that communicate with the lacunae and diffuse nutrients and wastes to and from the blood and nerves.

52
Q

Matrix

A

Very dense deposits of calcium, makes up 1/3 of bone and gives it it’s tensile strength.

53
Q

Lacunae

A

Pockets found in concentric circles around the central canal that house the osteocytes

54
Q

Lamellae

A

Bony concentric layers formed from the bone cells laying down layers of bone to either side.

55
Q

Osteoprogenitor/ Osteogenic Cell

A

Bone stem cell, differentiates into an osteoblast.

56
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone resorbing cells, remove bone matrix.

57
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cell., Producing a new bone matrix

58
Q

Osteocytes

A

A mature bone cell

59
Q

Ossification

A

Process of bone formation either intramembrenous or endochondrial.

60
Q

Intramembrenous Ossification

A

Only in the skull.

  1. Two membranes bud off osteoblasts between them.
  2. Osteoblasts begin to secrete bony tissue around themselves.
  3. Ossification being in two or three centers and moves from there.
  4. At birth not all the centers have met leaving soft spots called fontanels.
61
Q

Fontanels

A

Soft spots of membrane where ossification has not been completed. Allow for pliability wieh going thorught hte birth cancal and for brain growth in the early years.

62
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. A cartilage model of the bone is formed
  2. Chondrocytes secrete an enzyme which results in mineral deposits and hardening of the cartilage. Leads to the death of the chondrocytes which starts the degeneration of the cartilage
  3. Concurrent with cartilage death, the perichondrium turns into periosteum and begins to bud off osteoblasts.
  4. A body collar is formed around the diaphysis by the periosteum and starts the cavitation in the hyaline cartilage.
  5. A clump of osteoblasts breaks through tthe collar into the degenaerating cartilage and starts the primary center of ossification.
  6. Additional osteogenic buds invade the epi[hyses forming secondary centers of ossification.
  7. The last cartilage to the replaced are the epiphyseal plates which continue to grow until the end of adolescence
63
Q

Fractures

A

Break in the bone

64
Q

Simple Fracture

A

The bone breaks but stays within the body

65
Q

Compound Fracture

A

The bone breaks and protrudes through the skin.

66
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Characteristic fracture of children. The bone breaks, but the ends do not come apart.

67
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

Broken bone ends are forced into each other. Usually during falls, wrists or hips.

68
Q

Compressed Fracture

A

Bone is crushed. More common in porous bones.

69
Q

Depressed Fracture

A

Broken bone portion is pressed inwards. Skull fracure

70
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

A ragged break. From excessive twisting forces. Very common in sports.

71
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

The bone fragments. Mostly in the aged with brittle bones.

72
Q

Epiphyseal Fracture

A

Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate.

73
Q

Pott’s Fracture

A

Ankle fracture

74
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Break occurs across the axis of a shaft

75
Q

Displaced and nondisplaced

A

Abnormal or normal arrangement of the bone.

76
Q

Bone Repair

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. The periosteum forms a callus, a mass of fibrocartilage tissue at the break filled with collagen fibers.
  3. The fibro-callus is gradually converted to bone (bone remodeling)
  4. The area is reshaped and remodeled with the callus being reabsorbed.
77
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone mass. Resorption is outpacing deposits. Leaves porous, thin bones.

78
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Bones aren’t getting enough minerals, they soften and become weak. Called “rickets” in children. Can be caused by calcium, vitamin D, etc, deprivation.

79
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

Excessive or abnormal bone formation

80
Q

Wolf’s Law

A

A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed on it.

81
Q

2 Major Divisions of the Skeleton

A

The axial and the appendicular division.

82
Q

Axial Division

A

Forms the long axis of the body and consists of the skill, vertebral column, rib cage, and sternum

83
Q

Skull

A

Composed of 29 bones. Forms a protective box for the brain and special sense organs. 2 major regions, the cranium and the face.

84
Q

Nasal Sinuses

A

Mucus lined cavities inside the facial and cranial bones. Acts as resonance chambers to enhance voice quality.

85
Q

Cranium

A

Bony box that surrounds the brain. Bones are joined by immovable joints called sutures.

86
Q

Orbits

A

Bony cavities for the eyes cushioned by adipose tissue.

87
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

In the neck, connected by ligaments to the styloid process of the temporal bone. Muscles of the tongue, neck, pharynx, and larynx attach there and allow for movement.

88
Q

Face

A

Irregular shaped bones which are joined by sutures. Houses the teeth, the nasal cavity, hard palate, and most of the eye orbits.

89
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Typically consists of 26 bones and forms a protective enclosure for the spinal cord. The skull is balanced at the top with the ribs and the viscera suspended in front.

90
Q

5 regions of the Vertebral Column

A
  1. Cervical - 7 bones
  2. Thoracic - 12 bones
  3. Lumbar - 5 bones
  4. Sacrum - 5 fused bones
  5. Coccyx - 4 fused bones
91
Q

Common Features of Vertebraes

A

All have a body (a rounded mass), a spine (a dorsal projection), a transverse process (a lateral projection), vertebral foramen (central opening), and are separated by a disc of fibrocartilage.

92
Q

Curves of the Vertebral Column

A

3 normal curves that adjust the center of gravity and give the spine resiliency and flexibility.

  1. Cervical - concave
  2. Thoracic - convex
  3. Lumbar - concave
93
Q

Kyphosis

A

An exaggerated convexity of the thoracic region (hunchback)

94
Q

Lordosis

A

An exaggerated concavity of the lumbar region (swayback)

95
Q

Scoliosis

A

A lateral curvature in any place in the colum

96
Q

Ribs

A

12 pairs, connected to the thoracic vertebrae

97
Q

True Ribs

A

First 7 pairs of ribs. Each has its own costal cartilage which connects directly to the sternum

98
Q

False Ribs

A

Next 3 pairs. Each connects the sternum indirectly via the costal cartilage of the seventh pair of ribs

99
Q

Floating Ribs

A

The last 2 pairs of ribs. They have no connection to the sternum at all.

100
Q

Sternum

A

Breastbone, a dagger shaped bone that forms with the ribs and vertebral column the cage known as the thorax

101
Q

Appendicular Division

A

Consists of the appendages and the girdles. A total of 126 bones.

102
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

Left and right. Each consists of two bones, the scapula and the clavicle. The the clavicle and the scapula form a V with the humerus suspended from the glenoid cavity.

103
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

Two bones, the os coxae, which join with the sacrum posteriorly and with each other anteriorly at the pubic symphysis.

104
Q

Upper Appendage

A

The humerus articulates distally with the radius and ulna which articulate distally with the carpals. They articulate with the metacarpals, and them with the phalanges.

105
Q

Lower Appendage

A

The femur articulates distally with the tibia. The tibia articulates with the fibula, and the tarsals. The tarsals with the metatarsals and the metatarsals with the phalanges.

A & P 1 (10 decks)

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