Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 258 > Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory (Structure) > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory (Structure) Flashcards

1
Q

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A

a memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of information for long periods of time

long-term memory is one of the stages in the modal model of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Serial Position Curve

A

in a memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall a list of words, a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Primacy Effect

A

in a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented

enhanced memory for words presented at the beginning of the list

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Recency Effect

A

in a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented

enhanced memory for words presented t the end of the list

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Coding

A

the form in which stimuli are presented in the mind

for example, information can be represented in visual, semantic, and phonological forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Proactive Interference

A

when information learned previously interferes with learning new information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Release from Proactive Interference

A

a situation in which conditions occur that eliminate or reduce the decrease in performance caused by proactive interference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Recognition Memory

A

identifying a stimulus that was encountered earlier

stimuli are presented during a study period; later, the same stimuli plus other, new stimuli are presented

the participants’ task is to pick the stimuli that were originally presented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hippocampus

A

a subcortical structure that is important for forming long-term memories, and that also plays a role in remote episodic memories and in short-term storage of novel information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mental Time Travel

A

according to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory, in which a person travels back in time in his or her mind to re-experience events that happened in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

memory for specific events from a person’s life, which can include both episodic events and semantic components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Personal Semantic Memories

A

semantic components of autobiographical memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Remember/Know Procedure

A

a procedure in which subjects are presented with a stimulus has encountered before and are asked to indicate if they remembered

if they remember the circumstances under which they initially encountered it, or know, if the stimulus seems familiar but they don’t remember experiencing it earlier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Semanticization of Remote Memories

A

loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Constructive Episodic Stimulation Hypothesis

A

the hypothesis proposed by Schacter and Addis that episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct stimulation of future events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explicit Memories

A

memory that involves conscious recollections of events or facts that we have learned in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Implicit Memories

A

memory that occurs when an experience affects a person’s behavior, even though the person is not aware that he or she has had the experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Procedural Memories

A

memory of how to carry out highly practiced skills

procedural memory is a type of implicit memory because although people can carry out a skilled behavior, they often cannot explain exactly how they are able to do so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Skill Memory

A

memory for doing things that usually involve learned sjkulls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Expert-Induced Amnesia

A

amnesia that occurs because well-learned procedural memories do not require attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Priming

A

a change in response to a stimulus caused by the pervious presentation of the same or a similar stimulus

22
Q

Repetition Priming

A

when an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person’s response to the same stimulus when it is presented later

23
Q

Propaganda Effect

A

people are more likely to rate statement they have heard or read before as being true, just because of prior exposure to the statements

24
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

“archive” of information about past events and knowledge learned

works closely with working memory

storage stretches form a few moments ago to as far back as one can remember

more recent memories are more detailed

25
Q

What is serial position?

A

Murdoch (1962) studied the distinction between short-term and long-term memories using the serial position curve

read stimulus list, write down all words remembered

short and long term memory work together to explain the serial position effect

when given a list of items to remember, people tend to recall the first and last items in the list better than words in the middle

26
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

memory better for stimuli presented at beginning

more time to rehearse, more likely to enter LTM

so the slower pace was in presenting the list, the bigger primacy effect

27
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

memory better for stimuli presented at end of list

stimuli still in STM

so if some delay between the test and the study, the recency effect will be eliminated

28
Q

What is recognition memory?

A

identification of a previously encountered stimulus

29
Q

What is an example of visual coding in short term memory?

A

holding an image in the mind to reproduce a visual pattern that was just seen

30
Q

What is an example of visual coding in long term memory?

A

visualizing what the Lincoln Memorial looked like when you saw it last summer

31
Q

What is an example of auditory coding in short term memory?

A

represetning the sounds of the letters in the mind just after hearing them

32
Q

What is an example of auditory coding in long term memory?

A

repeating a song you have heard many rime before, over and over in your mind

33
Q

What is an example of semantic coding in short term memory?

A

placing words in an STM task into categories based on their meaning

34
Q

What is an example of semantic coding in long term memory?

A

recalling the general plot of a novel you read last week

35
Q

What happens to memory when the hippocampus is removed?

A

retained short term memory (STM) but unable to transfer info to long term memory (LTM)

unable to form new LTMs

36
Q

What happens to memory when the parietal lobe is damaged?

A

impaired STM (reduced digit span) but functional LTM

able to form and hold new memories

37
Q

What is implicit (non-declarative) memory?

A

unconscious memory

procedural

38
Q

What is priming?

A

previous experience changes response without conscious awareness

39
Q

What is explicit (declarative) memory?

A

episodic: personal events/episodes

semantic: facts, knowledge

conscious recollection of events experienced and fact learned

40
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

tied to personal experience; remembering is reliving

“self-knowing” (remembering)

41
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

does not involve mental time travel

general knowledge, facts

“knowing”

42
Q

What is the separation of episodic and semantic memories?

A

evidence from brain-imaging experiments that retrieving episodic and semantic memories activate different areas of the brain

43
Q

What are the interactions between episodic and semantic memories?

A

episodic can be lost, leaving only semantic

acquiring knowledge may start as episodic but then “fade” to semantic

semantic can be enhanced if associated with episodic

44
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

memory of specific experiences, includes semantic and episodic

45
Q

What is personal semantic memory?

A

semantic memories that have personal significance

46
Q

What is the effect of time on memory?

A

typical research finding are that forgetting increases with longer intervals from the original encoding

47
Q

What is the remember/know procedure?

A

remember if a stimulus is familiar and the circumstance under which it was encountered

know if the stimulus is familiar but don’t remember experiencing it earlier

don’t remember the stimulus at all

48
Q

What is the semanticization of remote memories?

A

loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events

49
Q

What is the constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis?

A

episodic memories are extracted and recombined to create simulations of future events

helps us to anticipate future needs and guide future behaviors

adaptive function similar to mind wandering

50
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

skill memory: memory for actions

no memory of where or when learned

perform procedures without being consciously aware of how to do them

people who cannot form new LTMs can still learn new skills

51
Q

What is repetition priming?

A

presentation of one stimulus affects performance on that stimulus when it is presented again

PSYCH 258 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions