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Sociology 112 > Chapter 6- Textbook > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Textbook Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a personality?

A

An individual’s relatively stable pattern of behaviours and feelings.

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2
Q

What is the nature versus nurture debate?

A

The debate between whether biological forces or environment define the person we become.

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3
Q

What is socialization?

A

The lifelong process by which we learn our culture, develop our personalities, and become functioning members of society.

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4
Q

What is social interaction?

A

The ways in which people interact in social settings, recognizing each person’s subjective experiences and/or intentions.

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5
Q

What are the two basic approaches to understanding how we develop our personalities?

A

biological approach and the environmental approach, traditionally referred to as the nature versus nurture debate.

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6
Q

What does the nature side of the debate hold?

A

That our actions and feelings stem from our biological roots.

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7
Q

What does the nurture side of the debate argue?

A

That we are the product of our socialization.

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8
Q

What is sociobiology?

A

A science that uses evolutionary theory and genetic inheritance to examine the biological roots of social behaviour.

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9
Q

Which two people began sociobiology?

A

Konrad Lorenz and Edward O. Wilson

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10
Q

What did Wilson’s book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis apply?

A

The principles of Darwinian inheritance to show how human behaviours are selected for and passed on from one generation to the next.

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11
Q

What is the core assertion of sociobiology?

A

Social behaviour among humans, as with all organisms, has evolved over time to secure the survival of the species. The attributes that help an individual to produce offspring are elected for, and the attributes that diminish an individual’s ability to produce offspring are selected against.

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12
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

A relabelled form of sociobiology that argues that Darwinian inheritance can explain contemporary human behaviour.

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13
Q

Why has empirical support for the assertion that human behaviour is determine by genetics remain contentious and only has limited support in the social science?

A

Social scientists suggest that to extend biological theories of behaviour beyond the animal realm disregards the ability of humans to think before they act. Our capacity to reflect on our own behaviour is one that social scientists believe must be fully recognized and appreciated. Some advocates for the evolutionary perspective also suggest that the structure of our brain, and the emotions and behaviours it inspires does not mean that the mind cannot transcend biology.

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14
Q

What do sociologist that remain committed to the belief that the factors influencing the people we become are defined not by nature, but by nurture, generally acknowledge?

A

That some genetic linkages exist and influence human behaviour.

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15
Q

What is the most compelling argument to explain why sociologists believe that we become the people we are through social interaction?

A

What happens when young children are isolated from human contact.

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16
Q

What do sociologists argue about social reality?

A

It is constructed by people every time they interact with others.

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17
Q

Human beings are the product of both___and___ ___.

A
  • genetics
  • social
  • interactions
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18
Q

Our genetic makeup (___) gives us the capacity to be social beings, but it is the process of social interaction (___) that enables us to develop that capacity.

A
  • nature

- nurture

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19
Q

Do sociologist argue that nature of nurture has a more central role in defining our behaviour than a genetic legacy from our past.

A

nurture

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20
Q

What is the self?

A

One’s identity, comprising a set of learned values and attitudes that develops through social interaction and defines one’s self-image. The self may be defined as “a composite of thoughts and feelings” from which we derive our “conception of who and what” we are.

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21
Q

What is self-image?

A

An introspective composition of various features and attributes that people see themselves as having.

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22
Q

What is the self a key component of?

A

Personality

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23
Q

What gives an individual the sense that they are unique and special?

A

The joining of the personality and self

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24
Q

What can consciousness not develop in the absence of?

A

Social interaction

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25
According to Cooley, to be aware of oneself, what must one be aware of?
society
26
Why are self-consciousness and social consciousness inseparable?
Because people cannot conceive of themselves without reference to others.
27
What is the self a result of, acc. to Cooley?
Social interaction
28
What is the 'I'?
Mead's term for that element of the self that is spontaneous, creative, impulsive, and often unpredictable. The 'I' is the part of consciousness that responds to things emotionally.
29
What did Mead argue that the self is composed of?
Two complementary elements: the 'I' and the 'Me'
30
What is the 'Me'?
Mead's term for the socialized element of the self. It is the part of consciousness that thinks about how to behave so that you don't embarrass yourself. It helps us to control the spontaneous imposes of the 'I'.
31
What demonstrates the dynamic relationship between the 'I' and the 'Me'?
When we are compelled to act one way but discipline ourselves to act in another.
32
What are Mead's significant others?
People we want to impress or gain approval from
33
What are generalized others, acc. to Mead?
A compilation of attributes associated with the average member of society; represents an individual's appreciation that other members of society behave within certain socially accepted guidelines and rules. It is a reference point for proper and expected behaviour.
34
What is role-taking, acc. to Mead?
Assuming the position of another to better understand that person's perspective. It is critical for empathizing with another person's situation.
35
What concept is critical to explaining symbolic interactionists' analysis of how we interpret ourselves, other people, and the social world?
role-taking
36
In order to investigate how young children are socialized, what are the three stages Mead asserted children pass through as they grow up?
1) Preparatory stage (birth to age 3) 2) Play stage (ages 3-5) 3) Game stage (elementary-school years)
37
Describe Mead's preparatory stage.
- First experiences when interacting with others are to imitate what they see others doing - Do not understand the meanings behind these early interactions - Begin to develop the 'I', but the 'Me' is also forming in the background
38
Describe Mead's play stage.
- Children learn a great deal about themselves and the society around them through play - The 'Me' continues to grow because children want to receive positive reinforcement - Language skills are developing throughout this stage.
39
Describe Mead's game stage?
- Become increasingly proficient at taking on multiple roles at one - Begin to identify with the generalized other - The skills developed during the game stage are readily transferred to other real-life situations - Language skills are refined through, and children begin to gain their first sense of self as a unique individual
40
During which of Mead's 3 stages does primary socialization occur?
The game stage
41
What is primary socialization, acc. to Mead?
Occurs when people learn the attitudes, values, and appropriate behaviours for individuals in their culture. Through participating in complex games.
42
What is secondary socialization?
Follows primary socialization and occurs through participation in more specific groups with defined roles and expectations. Part-time jobs, sports teams, and volunteer actives are all examples. Because these groups are more specialized than primary groups because they allow individuals to develop the skills needed to fit in with various other groups of people throughout their lives.
43
When does secondary socialization occur?
After the game stage, in early adolescent and beyond.
44
What is DuBois' term double-consciousness?
A sense of self that is defined, in part, through the eyes of others. Used it do describe black Americans as possessing double-consciousness--being caught between a self-concept as an American but also as a black person of African descent.
45
For DuBois, why was the double-consciousness both a deprivation and a gift?
Deprivation: the inability to see oneself independently from the white majority Gift: because it enabled a type of "second sight" that allowed a deeper reflective comprehension of the contemporary world.
46
How is the double-consciousness similar to Mill's sociological imagination?
It requires the person to transcend the taken-for-granted world. To be socialized as a member of any minority group requires a perception of self that is at least partially defined through the eyes of others.
47
What is central to understanding socialization?
What sociologist refer to as the agents of socialization.
48
What are agents of socialization?
Individuals, groups, and social institutions that together help people to become functioning members of society.
49
What are the four principal agents of socialization?
families, peers, education, and mass media
50
Which is the most important agent of socialization? Why?
Families because they are the centre of children's lives.
51
What are families responsible for?
Children's emerging identities, self-esteem, and personalities. The first values and attitudes that a child embraces are generally simple reflections of his or her family's values and attitudes.
52
Ho watches children to behave prosaically from a very early age and responsible for establishing acceptable gender roles, social classes, and ethnic identities for children?
families
53
What is gender stereotyping?
The assignment of beliefs to mean nd women, respectively, that are not based on fact. Influences what each child considers to be appropriate roles for men and women.
54
What is socioeconomic status that families are responsible for assigning?
Social status as determined by family income, parents' education level, agents' occupations, and the family's social standing within the community.
55
What are affluent parents better able to provide their children with?
diverse leisure activities
56
What is cultural capital?
Social assets (values, beliefs, attitudes, competencies) that are gained from one's family and help one to succeed inline.
57
Who termed cultural capital? Explain what he meant.
Pierre Bourdieu who described how children's social assists gained from their families help them in school and prepare them for success, which in turn reproduces ruling class culture.
58
What are peer groups?
Consist of people who are closely related in age and share similar interests. Belonging to a paper group is vital for establishing a sense of community as well as for achieving and maintaining social influence.
59
What is hidden curriculum?
The unconscious, informal, and unwritten norms and rules that reinforce and maintain social conventions. Also plays an important role in gender role socialization.
60
Why is education an agent of socialization?
Children not only acquire necessary knowledge and skills but also learn new social roles by interacting with teachers and peers. The socialization function of education emphasizes that children learn academic content, social skills, and important cultural values.
61
What is mass media?
Forms of communication produced by a few people for the consumption by the masses.
62
How does the socialization function of mass media differ from schools?
Is more subtle, with much of it occurring unconsciously.
63
What does much of the television content reinforce?
Competition and the desire for financial wealth
64
What does television define and reinforce?
Standards of behaviour, provides role models, and communicates expectations about all aspects of social life.
65
Why do we rely on mass media?
To filter the enormous amount of information that is available today.
66
What is the dominance of television being replaced by?
The Internet
67
Who are the first to benefit from using the Internet?
Those with higher income and education levels
68
What do sociologist distinguish that socialization that occurs during childhood as?
Primary socialization
69
What do sociologists refer to the socialization that occurs throughout one's adult life as?
Life course
70
What is life course?
Socialization that occurs throughout one's adult life.
71
What is one way sociologists track how events may influence people's lives? Explain.
By analyzing a birth cohort, which encompasses all of the people who are born during a given period of time and therefore experience historical events at the same points in their lives. Allows researchers to explain and predict how different groups respond to situations.
72
What is the care of adult development?
The ability to change how we see both ourselves and the world around us.
73
What do we generally identify people around the age of 20 and those who have completed school as?
Young adults
74
How has marriage changed today?
Many people are marrying later or choosing not to marry at all. Many traditional expectations of marriage have changed. Both married and live-in partners have greater flexibility in how they live their lives than ever before.
75
What is later adulthood a time of?
Increased focus on career achievement, children leaving home, the birth of grandchildren, and preparation for retirement. Recognition of one's declining health as the first signs of physical aging occur.
76
What is empty nest syndrome?
The depression tha some mothers experience when their children have left home.
77
Is empty nest syndrome a myth? Explain.
The majority of women in fact experience an increase in life satisfaction and psychological well-being when children leave the home.
78
What is a more difficult transition the children leaving home?
Retiring from work.
79
What leads to increased marital satisfaction for both men and women in later life?
Reduced work and parental responsibilities.
80
What happens during a "mid-life crisis" for men?
They may experience both physical and emotional symptoms.
81
What are means-tested programs?
Social programs based on need
82
What are universal plans?
Social programs provided to everyone
83
What is the Canadian Old Age Pension (OAP) plan and the Old Age Assistance (OAA) program examples of?
Means-tested programs
84
What is Old Age Security (OAS) an example of?
A universal plan
85
True or False: The majority of provinces have mandatory retirement.
False
86
Is Canada's population getting older or younger? What may lose currency because of this?
- older | - the common stereotype of seniors as feeble and vulnerable
87
What are companies introducing in order to a dress the shortage of workers both now and in the future?
Programs such as "retirees on call" and "phased retirement"
88
How is the socialization that occurs during late adulthood and old somewhat different than that occurring during earlier stages?
The preceding life stages are marked by acquiring new responsibilities nd taking on new challenges, whereas retirement and old age can entail a loss of identity and satisfaction when people retire from their careers and have grown children.
89
What is gerontology?
The scientific study of old age and aging.
90
What is Kubler-Ross' series of stages that people go through as they deal with their own mortality (5)?
1) Denial- shock and disbelief 2) Anger- hostility and resentment with a strong sense of injustice 3) Bargaining- usually with God 4) Depression- Sorrow, guilt, and shame 5) Acceptance- discussing their feelings openly, people move into a final stage in which death is accepted. Only with acceptance can inner peace be reached.
91
What are Kubler-Ross' dying trajectories?
The courses that dying takes in both social and psychological senses. Suggest a set of overall therapeutic recommendations as to how dying "should" take place.
92
What are Robert Kastenbaum's challenges to Kubler-Ross' work (4)?
1) No independent evidence exists to support the assertion that people move rom stage one through to stage five. 2) The fact that person may experience emotions and reactions from different stages at the same time challenges the premise that there are definable stages in the grieving process. 3) The totality of the person's life is neglected in favour of the supposed stages of dying. 4) The tremendous diversity of resources, pressures, and characteristics of the dying individual are not taken into account.
93
What is euthanasia?
The deliberate ending of the life of a person who has an incurable or painful disease. It is the deliberate act by one or more persons to bring about a gentler or easier death another, such as do=not-resuscitate orders for terminally ill patients in palliative care facilities.
94
What is assisted suicide?
Intentionally killing oneself with help from others who provide the knowledge or means of death.
95
What is resocialization?
The profound change or complete transformation of a person's personality as a result of being placed in a situation or an environment dedicated to changing his or her previous identity. It generally occurs against one's will and in a location where the person has little or no control over the situation.
96
Where does resocialization take place? What are these?
Total institutions, which are settings in which people are isolated from society and supervised by an administrative staff.
97
What are Erving Goffman's five types of total institutions?
1) Institutions that help people who are incapable of taking care of themselves and can be considered harmless: homes for the orphaned 2) Institutions that are care of people who are incapable of looking after themselves and pose a threat to the community, albeit an unintended one: mental hospitals 3) Institutions that protect the community from those who would do it harm: prisons 4) Institutions that perform instrumental tasks the require unique work arrangements: boarding schools 5) Institutions that act as retreats from the rest of the world and serve as locations for religious training: convents
98
What are the three important characteristics that Goffman says total institutions are defined by?
First, administrative staff supervises all aspects of the inmates' or residents' lives, using electronic surveillance to observe their every move and action. Second, every activity is controlled and standardized so that formal schedules define everything that occurs. Third, formal rules and/or policies define everything about the inmates' or residents' daily lives.
99
What are the two distinct stages resocialization usually occurs in acc. to Goffman?
1) Modifications of the self | 2) Administrative staff members build up inmates through a system of rewards and punishments
100
What are modifications of the self?
The first stage of the resocialization process, in which a person's existing identity is stripped away. Inmates have all of their personal possessions taken away, they lose all control over their daily schedule, they often have to wear uniforms, they have their hair cut, and there is no really way to escape the organizational rules and procedures.
101
What results from breaking people down in the first stage and then building them up in the second stage of resocialization?
The resocialization process allows for the formation of a new identity that is distinct from the one that entered the total institution.

Sociology 112 (19 decks)

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