Chapter 7 Flashcards
(37 cards)
What is cognition?
Mental activity related to knowing, attending, remembering, symbolizing, categorizing, planning, reasoning, creating, etc.
What is a schema?
All the associations we have with a concept
Define adaptation in Piaget’s theory.
The process of adjusting schemas through assimilation and accommodation
What is assimilation?
Taking new information and adding it to an existing schema
What is accommodation?
Taking new information and creating a new schema
What is the age range for the sensorimotor stage?
Birth to 2 years
What do infants understand during the sensorimotor stage?
The world through their senses and their actions on it
What is object permanence?
Understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
What is the A-not-B error?
Infants continue to search for objects at A, even after it is moved to another location (B)
What is the age range for the preoperational stage?
2 to 7 years
Define egocentrism.
The inability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person’s perspective
What is conservation in Piaget’s theory?
Understanding that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes
What characterizes the concrete operational stage?
Ability to think logically about concrete events but not abstract concepts
What is one cognitive advance during the concrete operational stage?
Reversibility: understanding that objects or actions can be changed and then returned to their original state
What is the age range for the formal operational stage?
12 years and older
What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?
Reasoning logically about hypothetical possibilities
What is adolescent egocentrism according to David Elkind?
The belief that one is the center of attention and that their experiences are unique
What is the Theory of Core Knowledge?
Children have innate knowledge in specific domains
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with guidance
Define scaffolding.
Gradual and adaptive support provided to help children master skills just beyond their current abilities
What is private speech?
Self-directed speech used by children to transform external interactions into internal thoughts
What is one limitation of Vygotsky’s theory?
Lack of empirical evidence
What does the Information Processing Theory focus on?
The way we understand and use information, such as attention and memory
What is selective attention?
The ability to focus on one stimulus while ignoring others
